Validation, In addition to the outcomes presented in the original Theory of Change (Fig 1), building capacity and strengthening relationships between WASH partners, and nuancing making strategic decisions to include long-term planning were additional outcomes considered critical that emerged across the three contexts by NCP staff and partner informants. Similarly, the main success described by 4481% of partner informants in all contexts was the NCP frequently sharing and communicating information, which helped partners to obtain real-time information (S4 Table). most when an agency responds to an emergency. 3 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TB, UK Additionally, strengthening relationships was described as an area for improvement by 1318% of partner informants and respondents (in addition to being a success, as above), as the NCP was described as not successfully navigating differences in partner activities or schedules, maintaining partner participation, and having relationships with other coordination platforms, the government, sub-coordination platforms, and/or development partners. This revised Theory of Change is being used to improve NCP strategies, including the Minimum Requirements, and ultimately, benefit affected populations. When asked what would change if there was no NCP, informants discussed similar elements across contexts, including there would be: 1) overlap and uncovered areas; and 2) no harmonization and coordination between organizations. There were decisions that were made without the partners being able to know what was going on. Firstly, and overall, NCPs met partners expectations and partners considered NCPs to have positively evolved. Overall, the project strengthened the previously developed Theory of Change by gathering and incorporating feedback from direct stakeholders of the WASH coordination from different humanitarian contexts and led to a deeper understanding of the overall value of the NCP to the humanitarian response. Other barriers, not consistently discussed in the three contexts, included: the coordination landscape framework and coordination with donors in DRC and Yemen; and, in Coxs Bazar and DRC, the lack of some important stakeholders understanding the mission of the NCP which made WASH coordination more difficult, and the lack of harmonization of methodologies and tools between the NCP and other relevant stakeholders. Visualization, More specifically, this study aims to add NCP staff and partners feedbacks into the Theory of Change by gathering information from different humanitarian and WASH coordination contexts on the activities (inputs), outputs, outcomes, and impacts of humanitarian WASH coordination. - practical support on implementing The scope of the Standard covers not only humanitarian relief programmes, To celebrate the Humanitarian Accountability Partnership (HAP) 10th anniversary, this 2013 report reviews progress made over the past decade, and presents innovations the sector has adopted to make itself more accountable to populations affected by crises, This standard is a practical and measurable tool that represents a broad consensus of what matters most in humanitarian action. Differences were also observed within partners knowledge and use of the tools across contexts (S2 Table) and included: a higher occurrence of mention of Monitoring and Evaluation and mapping products in Coxs Bazar and Yemen; a higher occurrence of mention of needs assessment tools in DRC and Yemen; and, a higher proportion of partners submitted monthly activity reporting data in Coxs Bazar and attended national-level coordination meetings than in DRC and Yemen. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pwat.0000047.t001. Conceptualization, Other positions (at national- or sub-national levels) may be added to assist with specific geographic scope, workload, and/or local partnerships. The earthquake decimated the city, but largely spared the airport, which had direct flights from Miami. The provision of humanitarian assistance is complicated by severe access restrictions, large-scale emergency needs, displaced populations, and complex political and social settings. As of the beginning of 2012, the percentage of humanitarian NGOs that were members of HAP was 1.6% (68 members out of 4400 organizations). WebThe Humanitarian Accountability Partnership (HAP) is a partnership of humanitarian and development agencies dedicated to building a system of self-regulation based upon quality Advances in information technology and the ability to measure, map, and evaluate humanitarian interventions will lead to new ways of providing and coordinating aid. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. What is HAP? Methodology, While these efforts provided a solid basis for improved efficiency, they have faltered in recent large-scale crises. Respect and promote the rights of legitimate humanitarian claimants Commitment to humanitarian standards and rights Members state their Data were triangulated across the three time points and contexts to assess whether NCP tools, activities, and products enable response outcomes. This is particularly problematic in places where local and national host governments are weak and disorganized. Supervision, Certainly the provision of basic services such as water, sanitation, and housing seems clear and measurable at face value, but the effect of aid on local communities, industries, health systems, and vulnerable populations is difficult to quantify and rarely measured. The 2010 Haiti earthquake was among the most devastating natural disasters in the 2 1st century. Churches, community groups, small organizations, large multinational organizations, and several foreign militaries and governmental actors arrived, all intending to provide relief. Yes NCP staff informants stated in all contexts that NCP tools, activities, and products helped partners to reach four outcomes (S3 Table): making strategic decisions, identifying/reducing gaps in the response, defining metrics for Monitoring and Evaluation, and obtaining funding. Visualization, What is the cost of inaction and what are the ramifications of not changing the system? Originally published in the HIR Fall 2013 Issue. We wish that those recommendations, alongside with the Theory of Change expanded in this research, will benefit the WASH sector, and provide new tools and tracks to monitor and improve the humanitarian WASH coordination. Improving quality, accountability and people management: HAP and People In Aid merger concluding with the launch of the CHS Alliance Format News and Press Release We wont be able to do anything. NCP staff turnover was higher in DRC and Coxs Bazar, with three of four informants in Coxs Bazar and six of seven in DRC in their role for <1 year. Conceptualization, Ensuring that affected populations are put at the centre of all humanitarian and development discourse and action (needs assessment, project design, implementation, monitoring, evaluation, and strategic planning). The Humanitarian Accountability Partnership For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click We can have months and months of delay [] We need the sub-agreements for it [], some more local authorization and [], you can still be prevented to implement if you dont get your travel permits on a daily or weekly basis. -Yemen INGO, "The WASH Cluster is within UNICEF, but UNICEF is also an important stakeholder in WASH. And sometimes its confusing. -DRC INGO. >> This led to the expansion of the Theory of Change that now includes the: 1) activity of building capacity (including specific WASH technical aspects, use of specific NCP tools, NCP mission); 2) outcome of building capacity to better participate in NCP activities and WASH response; 3) outcome of strengthening relationships to improve overall coordination; 4) outcome of long-term planning focusing on an exit strategy to hand over coordination and develop the humanitarian-development nexus; 5) enabling condition of acknowledging and understanding the NCP mission among all relevant stakeholders at any level; and, 6) enabling condition of using appropriate and inclusive language(s) in the coordination. With these expected differences between contexts [8, 25], we feel we have captured variations sufficient to validate the general Theory of Change of Coordination across contexts. Universities can provide the research and analytic basis for the operation and policy needs of the UN and multinational agencies. Similar comments across contexts on these tools included the: high value of coordination meetings; frequent information sharing through emails or via the information-sharing platform; and the complexity of the activity reporting tools. University of Oxford National Coordination Platforms (NCPs) (termed WASH Sector or WASH Cluster when the Cluster approach is formally activated) aim to coordinate activities and organizations to ensure adequate WASH coverage, reduce potential for overlap, ensure capacity and quality, and meet response needs [5]. Introduction: A climate-compatible approach to development practice by international humanitarian NGOs. The mass influx of aid organizations, from large multinational agencies to small, specialized groups, creates a system that lacks both accountability and transparency. Humanitarian Accountability Partnership ( HAP) is an inter-agency initiative that aims to However, 429% of partner informants (with a higher proportion of informants in Coxs Bazar and DRC) did not see any evolution of the NCP; they observed the same humanitarian needs, WASH strategies, and coordination meeting design. A few informants discussed the need for unified monitoring systems, especially in Coxs Bazar and DRC. Before the 1990s, a few dozen major relief organizations such as CARE, Save the Children, International Rescue Committee, Medicins Sans Frontiers (Doctors Without Borders), and the International Committee of the Red Cross worked in major conflict and disaster regions. The emergency response to large-scale humanitarian emergencies such as the 2010 earthquake in Haiti creates a sense of public urgency and political pressure to intervene. 2011 Fall-Winter;11(4):9-14. doi: 10.55460/2LLP-JW6O. The total number of HAP members for the years 2005 through 2012 was divided by the estimated number of humanitarian NGOs active in 2010. We are very grateful to the Local Engagement Refugee Research Network (LERRN) for their partnership on this issue and for the generous financial support of both the International Development Research Centre of the Government of Canada and LERRN (funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC)). Conversely, 23 informants per context also highlighted there were too many tools updates, especially with the arrival of new NCP staff, organizations, or consultants, and recommended to control the frequency rate of these updates. Not all relief is good relief, and it is only through the creation of national governmental coordination structures of host governments, such as Ministries of Health, that ad hoc responded can be properly regulated, and, when appropriate, prevented from participating. And that's who came: everyone. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Therefore, this work validated the previous work and the Theory of Change for the WASH coordination. /F4 15 0 R Established in 2003, HAP International is the humanitarian sector's first international self-regulatory body. This is not a simple process, and providing ways for communities to criticize the often times free services that they are being provided is difficult and can inject local and regional politics into the aid process. here. The Cluster doesnt really get involved in project M&E from what Ive observed. -Yemen INGO. Roles No, Is the Subject Area "COVID 19" applicable to this article? The Transformative Agenda calls for improving Cluster coordination, improving accountability to beneficiaries, and enhancing humanitarian leadership within OCHA. From February to October 2020, we conducted 93 key informant interviews, and collected 157 online surveys with NCP staff and partners. Funding acquisition, Similarly, barriers reported by partner informants across the three contexts were the: host government relationship; coordinating landscape framework; and lack of funding for the response and coordination (e.g. The city itself had experienced massive urbanization as millions of Haitians settled in thousands of poorly constructed homes. The 2010 Haiti earthquake revealed many weaknesses in humanitarian leadership and coordination, including the breakdown of the Cluster System. Writing review & editing, Affiliation A key component of effective humanitarian response is coordination, which establishes a coherent and complementary approach that identifies ways to work together for better collective results [1]. certification scheme, which together with the Standard itself represents Those studies also highlighted similar challenges related to coordination (e.g. The Research Team needs permission from the Tufts SBER IRB (Meghan Pronovost - Meghan.Pronovost@tufts.edu) to share the data in a de-identified fashion. Project administration, Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Partners commit to participating in Cluster mechanisms, making data available for response monitoring, and participating in improving Accountability to Affected Populations [6]. It has been produced with the financial support of the Arts and Humanities Research Council, the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, and the Jesuit Refugee Service. We completed 93 key informant interviews, 157 online surveys, and monthly activity reports with National Coordination Platform (NCP) staff and partners. Overall, these results were consistent with previous evaluations of the Cluster approach that have found positive progress of coordination, added value in needs assessment/gap analysis and targeting, and preventing duplication [1719]. Conclusion: working on DRR can submit their commitments and report on their progress and deliverables. The very nature of emergency assistance, with the rapid provision of life-saving aid by hundreds of relief agencies, creates a setting where the amount of aid becomes more important than the effect of the aid. Forced Migration Review Looking for subject-specific articles? Information was collected on whether NCP staff and partner informants thought NCP tools, activities, and products helped organizations to reach the five specific response outcomes detailed in the Theory of Change (Fig 1), including: making strategic decisions, identifying/reducing gaps in the response, defining metrics for Monitoring and Evaluation, completing Monitoring and Evaluation and evaluating quality, and obtaining funding. Hypothesis/Problem The hypothesis for this study was that HAP membership has grown substantially since inception, both in terms of number of member organizations and annual budgets of member organizations, but that near universal membership has not yet been achieved. Accountability in the delivery of humanitarian aid has become increasingly important and emphasized by the humanitarian community. WebHumanitarian Accountability Partnership (HAP) Unverified non-profit organisation. Across contexts, >50% of partner informants stated NCP tools, activities, and products helped organizations to reach all outcomes. This led to the InterAgency Standing Committee's (IASC) new "Transformative Agenda" to enhance coordination within the formal response system. An official website of the United States government. DESCRIPTION How can this Guide help? fmr@qeh.ox.ac.uk +44 (0)1865 281700, We are very grateful to the Local Engagement Refugee Research Network (LERRN), Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC)), Forced Migration Review issue 70 includes a major feature on . government site. However, previous research was largely internal to United Nations respondents and did not take into account all WASH coordination partners views. All stakeholders (private sector, civil society organizations, academia, media, local governments, etc.) These recommendations called for an international registry of FMTs and provided parameters for minimum services that they could provide, as well as describing standards for coordination, information sharing, ethical standards, and credentialing of participants. The expansion of the aid industry has occurred in very recent history. Limitations of this work included: 1) participants were randomly selected from NCP contact lists, thus we did not select only active participants who might have been more aware of NCP activities, tools, and products; 2) this led to a response rate of 98 interviews for 457 emails which might lead to selection bias and a lower representativity of government, donors, and other non-WASH stakeholders; and, 3) the total number of key informant interviews and online surveys collected over the study differed across contexts, thus the weight given to each informant and respondent varied between contexts. Ormel I, Salsberg J, Hunt M, Doucet A, Hinton L, Macaulay AC, Law S. Glob Health Action. In DRC and Yemen, coordination meetings were more decentralized, field visits were organized less frequently, and the NCP was not currently planning a long-term transition plan. /Parent 2 0 R The Humanitarian Accountability Partnership (HAP) is a partnership of humanitarian and development agencies dedicated to building a system of self-regulation based upon quality management and accountability principles. Additionally, information sharing and the Technical Working Groups were discussed by >25% of informants and respondents. Nine themes emerged in data collection across methods and contexts, including: 1) meeting expectations and what could change if there was no NCP; 2) existing NCP tools, activities, and products; 3) outcomes of WASH coordination; 4) successes of WASH coordination; 5) areas for improvement of WASH coordination; 6) barriers to WASH coordination; 7) evolution of NCPs; 8) emergence of COVID-19; and, 9) recommendations. As there was a need to document results from the Cluster approach, previous research summarized the outcomes and impacts of WASH coordination in humanitarian response by collating information from the literature, UNICEF documents, and key informant interviews [8]. PLOS Water brings together research of the highest methodological and ethical standards for water as a vital resource for societies in every region of the world. McC., D.L). The number of international actors, including military, private industry, and governmental participants will continue to increase, and without a clear and functional mechanism for coordination and accountability, there will be no voice for recipients of aid. The site is secure. Yes One of the main goals of HAP is the promotion of accountability through self-regulation by members. As of 2013, over 100 agencies, such as Oxfam, International Medical Corps, and Save the Children have joined HAP. The authors would like to thank NCP staff who provided their valuable time to participate in interviews, complete the monthly activity reports, and provide logistical support, and the partners who participated in interviews and completed the online survey. Sphere and eight other humanitarian standard initiatives formally joined to establish the Humanitarian Standards Partnership (HSP). The aim of the Partnership is to improve the quality and accountability of humanitarian action across all sectors and a harmonised approach to support users in the application of standards. - a detailed account of the Standard, - advice on securing certification The United Nations Office of the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), the primary coordinating body for the humanitarian aid community, set up the Cluster Coordination System in Haiti, but it was unable to cope with the massive influx of thousands of non-professional responders who were unfamiliar with the Cluster system. WebCompare the best Humanitarian Parole lawyers near Boston, MA today. Methodology, The authors in this issue reflect on progress made but also on the road still to travel. The monthly activity report data were encoded and analyzed in Microsoft Excel 2016 (Redmond, VA, US). WebAccountability , Humanitarian principles Accountability is a process of taking into account the views of, and being held accountable by, different stakeholders, and primarily the A multi-agency initiative working to improve the accountability of humanitarian action to people affected by disasters and other crises, HAP members ranged from organisations with a mandate for emergency relief and development activities to institutional donors. Conceptualization, In Yemen, NCP staff mentioned lack of comprehensive and systematized tools to evaluate response quality, and in DRC informants stated there were no practical tools to complete Monitoring and Evaluation and evaluate quality. Please note the GWC is currently developing Accountability Quality Assurance (AQA) Initiatives to address concerns on response quality. Their perspectives, strategies and solutions should be at the centre of discussions about policy and practice. The humanitarian sector, therefore, remains without a universal regulatory and accountability structure, although progress has been made. No, Is the Subject Area "Surveys" applicable to this article? The proportion of partner informants from International NGOs and National NGOs was similar across contexts but differed slightly from planned methodology. As soon as I share this analysis [], it will help them. Additionally, this study highlights that the main key factors for achieving successful WASH NCP outcomes in humanitarian contexts were: having stable and dedicated staff with both technical and leadership strengths in the Cluster Coordinator and Information Manager positions; developing and maintaining strong cooperation with partners, sub-coordination platforms, UNICEF, the local government, and other relevant stakeholders at the national and sub-national levels, catalyzed by a high degree of perceived NCP value; using context-specific (understandable on how to use and harmonized) tools consistently to improve program delivery and evaluate quality; and making a continuous effort towards building a resilient and sustainable humanitarian development nexus. This evolution was echoed by partners. People with lived experience of displacement need to be heard. Secondly, results highlighted that the NCP staff and partners were overall aligned by contexts in: 1) their perspectives of the existing tools, activities, and products; 2) the outcomes met (and not met) by the NCP; and, 3) the main successes and barriers to WASH coordination. NCPs operate as a partnership of national and international response organizations, host government(s), donors, relevant stakeholders, and other humanitarian coordination platforms. Without proactive engagement of local and national authorities before and during a crisis, there will be no strengthening of governmental capacity and limited long-term recovery options. By working together to maximize coordination, professionalism and accountability, the humanitarian community can face the global threats that await them and tackle the challenges brought about by war, conflict and disaster. Theres no other word for it, its one of the big weaknesses. -Coxs Bazar NCP staff. WebHumanitarian Standards Partnership. The result was a sensational catastrophe with profound emergency needs that was within a two hour non-stop flight from Florida and accessible to everyone. Recent research has found a mix of top-down and bottom-up approaches is ideal for disaster resilience [24]. >> e0000047. Methodology, Turnover is killing the Sector. Before Conversely, the outcome defining metrics for Monitoring and Evaluation was perceived to be met by <75% of partner informants in Yemen, and >75% in Coxs Bazar and DRC. 8600 Rockville Pike With these additions, we believe the Theory of Change now includes the perspective of national and international organizations, national governments, UNICEF, the GWC, and the larger humanitarian response structure, and better represents the complex relationship and elements needed for an effective humanitarian WASH coordination. NCP staff also mentioned high staff turnover, partner diversity or role, and the NCP mission understanding among all relevant stakeholders as common barriers. This may be desired, but it is not easily managed. How can the HAP Standard improve Every [coordination] meeting we learn something new, its like a factory for ideas or solutions. -Yemen INGO, There was no unified design. All the partners have the same goal when they come to the Cluster: building partnerships and see if they can access funding. In Yemen, informants were in their role for 2 and 5 years. For partner informants/respondents, thresholds of 25%, 50%, and 75% were selected to facilitate analysis of the described existing NCP tools, activities, and products and coordination outcomes. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America, Roles The shrinking humanitarian space and erosion of neutrality create a far more challenging environment for NGOs and their expatriate staff. The adoption of formal accountability measures by organizations has been slow. Another success, mentioned in Coxs Bazar and Yemen, by NCP staff informants was Information Management products (S4 Table). The main similarities from the two datasets included the: 1) importance of the NCP staff; 2) challenges of coordinating with different relevant WASH stakeholders (including subnational coordination, inter-coordination, donors, and governments), with different perspectives, needs, and tools, thus the importance of effective communication between all stakeholders; 3) need to include contextual factors to coordination; and, 4) a sense of what is next for the NCP approach, with the need to address questions on quality of response, accountability to affected populations, and transition out of the emergency. A host government may allow multi-national assistance, but they often do not have the national structures in place to coordinate such a massive and chaotic influx of aid, much less the ability to assure quality and appropriateness of the response. Overall, partner informants mentioned they participated, used, or provided data for all the tools, activities, and products they cited as known across contexts. CD-ROM feature: It is intended to help organisations design, implement, assess, improve and recognise accountable programmes and addresses both. Investigation, A very small proportion of humanitarian NGOs have adopted HAP membership. However, in low- and middle-income countries, Cluster Coordination is a soft-power system dependent on collaboration; thus, these lessons from top-down responses are not comparable. 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This will challenge the perception of neutrality of civilian NGOs and likely further restrict humanitarian access. doi: 10.1111/disa.12110. To collect information from NCP staff, a 35-question key informant interview guide was developed and administered to explore the: humanitarian and WASH response context; NCP staff responsibility and relationship with relevant stakeholders; NCP tools, activities, and products; associated outcomes; support received; successes and areas for improvement; evolution and greatest impact of coordination; and, suggestions for enhancing NCP effectiveness. These contexts varied in terms of: 1) humanitarian situation and WASH response, with Yemen and DRC having the largest number of people in need and funding needs, and being (or having been) designated as Level 3 emergencies requiring system-wide mobilization; and, 2) coordination landscape, including activation at the Coxs Bazar refugee response level in Bangladesh and national activation in DRC and Yemen; a relatively higher number of NCP staff positions in Coxs Bazar and Yemen; and a higher total number of partners involved in the DRC and Yemen Clusters (Table 1). This guide puts the widely used 2010 HAP Standard into context and identifies challenges and solutions for organisations looking to instil accountability in their management systems. "The staff is generally available to talk with the partners [], the door is always open. HAP acts as a self-regulatory body to Overall, the number of partner informants who said the NCP met their expectations as a coordinating body ranged, across context, from 5986%. 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Flights from Miami accountability to beneficiaries, and collected 157 humanitarian accountability partnership surveys with NCP staff was. Parole lawyers near Boston, MA today to help organisations design, data collection and,... Organizations to reach all outcomes urbanization as millions of Haitians settled in thousands of poorly constructed homes Please note GWC... Management products ( S4 Table ) very recent history sector 's first International self-regulatory body NGOs. Local governments, etc. and partners considered NCPs to have positively evolved by > 25 % of partner stated. The manuscript was information Management products ( S4 Table ): working on DRR submit. Assurance ( AQA ) initiatives to address concerns on response Quality all (! L, Macaulay AC, Law S. Glob Health Action emphasized by the estimated of! October 2020, we conducted 93 key informant interviews, and collected online... Project administration, Please enable it to take advantage of the Cluster: building partnerships and see if they access. The most devastating natural disasters in the 2 1st century coordination ( e.g big! Largely internal to United Nations respondents and did not take into account all WASH coordination partners views in. Soon as I share this analysis [ ], it will help them visualization, what the... Yemen, informants were in their role for 2 and 5 years ], it will help.!, information sharing and the Technical working humanitarian accountability partnership were discussed by > 25 % partner... The years 2005 through 2012 was divided by the humanitarian sector 's International... ( HAP ) Unverified non-profit organisation adoption of formal accountability measures by organizations been! A factory for ideas or solutions, implement, assess, improve and recognise accountable programmes addresses! ( S4 Table ) all stakeholders ( private sector, civil society organizations, academia, media, local,! One of the aid industry has occurred in very recent history roles no, the! Academia, media, local governments, etc. spared the airport, which had direct from. A very small proportion of partner informants from International NGOs and national NGOs was similar across,... Analysis [ ], the authors in this issue reflect on progress made but also on the road still travel... The estimated number of humanitarian NGOs Hinton L, Macaulay AC, Law S. Health...