This definition was almost unchanged for more than 15 years. Messaoudi M., Rozan P., Nejdi A., Hidalgo S., Desor D. Behavioural and cognitive effects of oligofructose-enriched inulin in rats. Since low quantities of fructo-oligosaccharides and galacto-oligosaccharides naturally exist in foods, scientists are attempting to produce prebiotics on an industrial scale. Navarro F., Liu Y., Rhoads J.M. van den Heuvel E.G., Schoterman M.H., Muijs T. Transgalactooligosaccharides stimulate calcium absorption in postmenopausal women. Prebiotics can also induce the expression of immunity molecules, especially cytokines (Table 2). [5] Metchnikoff observed that the longevity of Bulgarians was the result of their consumption of fermented milk products. Whelan K. Mechanisms and effectiveness of prebiotics in modifying the gastrointestinal microbiota for the management of digestive disorders. Prebiotic was described as a non-digestible food ingredient that beneficially affects the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of bacteria in the colon, and thus improves host health. We are committed to delighting our customers by continually improving and delivering the highest level of service in providing quality chemicals, ingredients, and value. Prebiotic intake reduces the waking cortisol response and alters emotional bias in healthy volunteers. Heijtz R.D., Wang S., Anuar F., Qian Y., Bjrkholm B., Samuelsson A., Hibberd M.L., Forssberg H., Pettersson S. Normal gut microbiota modulates brain development and behavior. ", To access content offline on your mobile device, tap{{chromeIcon}} and then "Add to Home Screen.". Probiotic/prebiotic supplementation of antiretrovirals improves gastrointestinal immunity in siv-infected macaques. Salivary IgA, immune cells in serum, activation, and proliferation of T and NK cell not changed. Gut microbiota manipulation with prebiotics in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized controlled trial protocol. Smith A.P. The amount of GOS produced by galactosidase can be improved in different ways: (i) increasing the concentration of donors and acceptors in the reaction, (ii) lowering water activity of the reaction, (iii) shifting the reaction equilibrium to the end product direction by the product elimination in the medium, and (iv) altering the synthesis conditions [60,65]. No significant effect on calcium, magnesium, zinc, and iron absorption. Please consult your veterinarian for further information on how our Prescription Diet foods can help your cat to continue to enjoy a happy and active life. Some yeasts, such as S. cerevisiae and Pichiapastoris, have been used for producing recombinant forms of -galactosidase. Email id: The composition of gut microbiota is changed in patients with autism disorders. KOS Organic Inulin Powder - Unflavored Inulin Prebiotic Intestinal Support Powder - USDA Organic, Digestive Health Promoting, Gluten Free Plant Based Ingredient, 336g, 112 Servings. Excellent source of antioxidants (vitamins C & E and selenium) to support normal immune function. There are some by-products, such as glucose and galactose, which do not have prebiotic effects and may decrease GOS synthesis yield. Miyazaki K., Masuoka N., Kano M., Iizuka R. Bifidobacterium fermented milk and galacto-oligosaccharides lead to improved skin health by decreasing phenols production by gut microbiota. Mohkam M., Rasoul-Amini S., Shokri D., Berenjian A., Rahimi F., Sadraeian M., Khalvati B., Gholami A., Ghasemi Y. If you have food allergies, you probably know all too well that just because a product doesnt directly contain a food youre allergic too isnt a guarantee. The .gov means its official. * Not for infants or children with galactosemia. We recommend all products with healthy diets and exercise. Similac ProAdvance* was the first infant formula with 2-FL HMO (2fucosyllactose, a human milk oligosaccharide ), an immune-nourishing prebiotic that adds another layer to the already proven immune support from Similac. Synbiotics novel functional ingredients for health, Muyinda Mathew Rogers - Probiotics & Prebiotics, Dietary effect of prebiotic supplementation on fish, Pre por and pae dr.niteen141014183151-conversion-gate01, Probiotics and prebiotics related to pharmacology, B.sc. The kinetic parameters suggested that the enzyme could be involved in H2O2 production in highly aerated environments. No clinical Improvement in Crohns disease. Consecutive intake of fermented milk containing bifidobacterium breve strain yakult and galacto-oligosaccharides benefits skin condition in healthy adult women. Lactulose had the most beneficial influence among prebiotics and probiotics. Coming in at number two is BeLive Prebiotic Fiber Gummies. Tiwari U., Cummins E. Meta-analysis of the effect of -glucan intake on blood cholesterol and glucose levels. 2,000 calories a day is used for general nutrition advice. IL-6 expression and phagocytosis in monocytes and granulocytes decreased. The closer it is to whats found in nature, the more easily your body can recognize and make use of the prebiotic fibers organic is best. Klinder A., Gietl E., Hughes R., Jonkers N., Karlsson P., McGlyn H., Pistoli S., Tuohy K., Rafter J., Rowland I., et al. In another study, administration of polydextrose and GOS mixture decreased anxiety-like behavior in male piglets and promoted positive social interactions in rats [143,160]. The following criteria are used to classify a compound as a prebiotic: (i) it should be resistant to acidic pH of stomach, cannot be hydrolyzed by mammalian enzymes, and also should not be absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, (ii) it can be fermented by intestinal microbiota, and (iii) the growth and/or activity of the intestinal bacteria can be selectively stimulated by this compound and this process improves hosts health [19]. We've encountered a problem, please try again. In contrast, another study demonstrated that the salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA), immune cells in serum, and activation and proliferation of T cells and natural killer (NK) cells were not changed after consuming (21) fructans [135]. There are a few studies about the effects of prebiotics on irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and Crohns disease. The lower intestinal tract was acidified, and lactulose had a beneficial effect on chronic PSE. Prebiotics are assumed to lack life-threatening or severe side effects. Boehm G., Lidestri M., Casetta P., Jelinek J., Negretti F., Stahl B., Marini A. Supplementation of a bovine milk formula with an oligosaccharide mixture increases counts of faecal bifidobacteria in preterm infants. It has been reported that there are 10101012 live microorganisms per gram in the human colon [1]. Lactulose can improve the life quality of people suffering from hepatic encephalopathy. They are transported to the colon to be fermented by the gut microbiota. The maximum amount of FOS produced by FTases depends on the initial concentration of sucrose (theoretically around 5560%). Buie T., Campbell D.B., Fuchs G.J., Furuta G.T., Levy J., VandeWater J., Whitaker A.H., Atkins D., Bauman M.L., Beaudet A.L., et al. Dr. P. A Pawar Sir Bouhnik Y., Raskine L., Simoneau G., Vicaut E., Neut C., Flouri B., Brouns F., Bornet F.R. Hill's Prescription Diet i/d Wet Cat Food is highly digestible great tasting nutrition clinically shown to help settle digestive upsets. There are also some revised definitions for prebiotics published in the scientific literature [22]. InnovixLabs Broad Spectrum Prebiotic is a prebiotic product thats not as potent as it gets, but it does have a very wide range of prebiotic types. Neurodevelopment did not improve significantly. Therapeutic use of prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics to prevent necrotizing enterocolitis: What is the current evidence? A natural fiber and prebiotic blend aids gentle digestion to help keep your small breed dog feeling healthy. Studies showing the effect of prebiotics on the gastrointestinal tract. The ability to normalize the composition of the gut microbiota by prebiotic dietary substances is an appealing procedure in the control and healing of some foremost disorders. Sudo N., Chida Y., Aiba Y., Sonoda J., Oyama N., Yu X.N., Kubo C., Koga Y. Postnatal microbial colonization programs the hypothalamicpituitaryadrenal system for stress response in mice. Bifidobacterium species genomes of B. longum, B. bifidum, B. breve contain genes that can hydrolyze some of the human milk oligosaccharides and these are found in higher numbers in infants that are breast-fed. This review discusses different aspects of prebiotics, including their crucial role in human well-being. Ensure Enlive Advanced Nutrition Shake Vanilla / 8 fl oz (237 mL) Bottle / 12 ct, Ensure Enlive Advanced Nutrition Shake Vanilla / 8 fl oz (237 mL) Bottle / 4 x 4 ct, Ensure Enlive Advanced Nutrition Shake Chocolate / 8 fl oz (237 mL) Bottle / 4 x 4 ct, Ensure Enlive Advanced Nutrition Shake Strawberry / 8 fl oz (237 mL) Bottle / 2 x 4 ct, Ensure Enlive Advanced Nutrition Shake Strawberry / 8 fl oz (237 mL) Bottle / 4 x 4 ct, Suitable for lactose intolerance. Administrating Bi2muno (B-GOS) for 2 six weeks, Overweight subjects with 3 risk factors of metabolic syndrome. They are based on the extension of galacturonic acid (homogalacturonan) or rhamnose (rhamnogalacturonan I). Dominant and diet-responsive groups of bacteria within the human colonic microbiota. It's not ideal. Oligosaccharides are a type of carb found in onions, red cabbage, lentils, and many other foods. Glucose can be separated from FOS through nanofiltration methods. Inulin is a type of prebiotic, a substance that's used by the microorganisms in your digestive tract and positively influences health. Al-Sheraji S., Ismail A., Manap M., Mustafa S., Yusof R., Hassan F. Prebiotics as functional foods: A review. Fiber and prebiotics: Mechanisms and health benefits. Third PartyManufacturer Product Recall: Ensure Harvest and PediaSure Harvest. [182] treated healthy individuals with 10 g/day inulin for three weeks. This product does not contain gluten, wheat, dairy, soy, nuts, eggs, or shellfish, which is good. This concept provides the potential to stop the huge prebiotic controversies and can be recommended in future guidelines from the FAO and/or the WHO on prebiotics. An in vitro study demonstrated that RS could also be degraded by Ruminococcus bromii, and Bifidobacterium adolescentis, and also to a lesser extent by Eubacterium rectale and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. Blanc P., Daures J.P., Rouillon J.M., Peray P., Pierrugues R., Larrey D., Gremy F., Michel H. Lactitol or lactulose in the treatment of chronic hepatic encephalopathy: Results of a meta-analysis. The resulting list of benefits is incredibly long but research continues to uncover even more with each new year. Mozaffarian D., Benjamin E., Go A., Arnett D.K., Blaha M.J., Cushman M., Das S.R., Sarah de Ferranti M., Desprs J.-P., Fullerton H.J., et al. Different sources of -galactosidases cause various types of GOS that differ in the amount, DP, and glycosidic linkages [66,67,68,69]. Learn more, This natural galacto-oligosaccaride is an important component in helping your body stay healthy. Plasma triacylglycerol concentrations and hepatic lipogenesis were not changed. There are various FOS production methods, which have been explained by several authors [40,41]. It contains all the relevant types of prebiotics plus enzymes that offset the gas and bloating that commonly occurs with prebiotic supplements. They are added to drinks, syrups, and foods. The effects of regular consumption of short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides on digestive comfort of subjects with minor functional bowel disorders. Lewis S Burmeister S Brazier J Effect of the prebiotic oligofructose on relapse of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a randomized, controlled study. Sangeetha P., Ramesh M., Prapulla S. Production of fructo-oligosaccharides by fructosyl transferase from aspergillus oryzae cfr 202 and aureobasidium pullulans cfr 77. However, the above-mentioned definition, which was given in 2008, has been accepted in recent years. This prebiotic also has preventive effects on hepatic encephalopathy [143,168,169,170]. BiomeBliss Prebiotic Fiber Blend may be a newer prebiotic supplement compared to other products on the market, but it appears theyve formulated a pretty decent prebiotic supplement. Tap here to review the details. The main reason for this growing trend is the alteration of peoples lifestyles and eating habits [181]. S. cerevisiae cannot ferment oligosaccharides with four or more monosaccharide units. Hamer H.M., Jonkers D., Venema K., Vanhoutvin S., Troost F., Brummer R.J. Review article: The role of butyrate on colonic function. Sorbitol and FOS are also produced in small amounts during fermentation of sucrose by Z. mobilis [56,57,58,59]. It can lead to high morbidity and mortality rates [111]. Various types of microorganisms, known as gut microbiota, are inhabitants of the human gastrointestinal tract. However, the direct beneficial functions of prebiotics in this regard have not been demonstrated yet. [14] The microbiota that makes up the infant gut differs from the adult gut. Clones from various species, such as Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes, can ferment FOS, GOS, and xylooligosaccharides (XOS). N74 in a mechanically agitated airlift reactor. Considering the diversity of the gut microbiota in various populations and countries, and even in different individuals, based on the variety of dietary regimens, developing effective and diverse probiotics for the modification of the microbiota hemostasis seems not to be very feasible. ***We may receive compensation from some of the companies whose products we review. Reduced anxiety-like behavior and central neurochemical change in germ-free mice. As potential alternatives or adjunctive therapies (synbiotics) to probiotics [207], prebiotics may have similar safety concerns. Many of you out there will be happy to hear that this prebiotic contains an anti-bloating enzyme (alpha-galactosidase) that will eliminate the bloating and gas that many prebiotic/fiber supplements can cause. Noting that, a daily dose of 2.510 g prebiotics is required to exert their beneficial functions on human health. It has also been recently reported by a functional metagenomics technique. [18], The genus Bifidobacterium comprises the following species:[19], (Tissier 1900) Orla-Jensen 1924 (Approved Lists 1980), "A Study of the Vaginal Microbiome in Healthy Canadian Women Utilizing cpn60-Based Molecular Profiling Reveals Distinct Gardnerella Subgroup Community State Types", "Potential of probiotics as biotherapeutic agents targeting the innate immune system", "Probiotics: 100 years (19072007) after Elie Metchnikoff's Observation", "Genomics of the Genus Bifidobacterium Reveals Species-Specific Adaptation to the Glycan-Rich Gut Environment", "Systematic review of randomized controlled trials of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics in inflammatory bowel disease", "Microbial translocation in chronic liver diseases", "The Effect of Bifidobacterium on Reducing Symptomatic Abdominal Pain in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Systematic Review", "Bifidobacterium strains from resident infant human gastrointestinal microflora exert antimicrobial activity", "Diversity of bifidobacteria within the infant gut microbiota", "Development of intestinal microbiota in infants and its impact on health", List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature, Comparative Analysis of Bifidobacterium Genomes, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium&oldid=1110392185, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2011, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 15 September 2022, at 05:49. Learn more, Fructooligosaccharides, Inulin, Oligosaccharides. Beside chain length, the prebiotic dose can affect its safety profile. Catecholamines, which are a category of neurotransmitters, are increased in individuals with autism. Colon cancer patients and polypectomized patients. Palcic M.M. In contrast, two more recent randomized, double-blind, clinical trials have shown IBS symptoms improvement after consuming 5 g/day FOS for 6 weeks [101] or 3.5 g/day GOS for 12 weeks [102]. SCFAs decrease the pH of colon [14,15]. Mammalian milk all contain oligosaccharides showing natural selection[clarification needed]. Diversity, metabolism and microbial ecology of butyrate-producing bacteria from the human large intestine. FTase produces FOS from sucrose by transferring one to three molecules of fructose. FOS: Fructo-oligosaccharides; IBS: irritable bowel syndrome; GOS: Galacto-oligosaccharides; AOS: acidic oligosaccharides; NK cell: natural killer cell; IL-4: interleukin 4; IL-10: interleukin 10, IL-8: interleukin 8; and IL-6: interleukin 6. InnovixLabs ^* Not for people with galactosemia. Moro G., Arslanoglu S., Stahl B., Jelinek J., Wahn U., Boehm G. A mixture of prebiotic oligosaccharides reduces the incidence of atopic dermatitis during the first six months of age. For instance, Sirobasidium magnum, S. elviae, and Rasopone minuta consume glucose as a carbon source when cultured on lactose medium for GOS synthesis [77,78,79,80,81]. Various types of sugars (e.g., arabinose, galactose, and xylose) or ferulic acid are linked to the side chains [33]. : 8087464948 Email id: magn.nong@gmail.com Dr. P. A Pawar Sir Associate Prof. (Food Tech) Email id: papawar40@rediffmail.com FRUCTO-OLIGOSACCHARIDE Fructooligosaccharides is a group of oligosaccharides, or a group of connected simple Joossens M., De Preter V., Ballet V., Verbeke K., Rutgeerts P., Vermeire S. Effect of oligofructose-enriched inulin (of-in) on bacterial composition and disease activity of patients with crohns disease: Results from a double-blinded randomised controlled trial. Although not all the prebiotics are carbohydrates, the following two criteria can be exploited to distinguish fiber from carbohydrate-derived prebiotics: (i) fibers are carbohydrates with a degree of polymerization (DP) equal or higher than 3 and (ii) endogenous enzymes in the small intestine cannot hydrolyze them. Although carbohydrates are more likely to meet the criteria of prebiotics definition, there are some compounds that are not classified as carbohydrates but are recommended to be classified as prebiotics, such as cocoa-derived flavanols. The relevant articles are mainly on OSCs, but there are also some pieces of evidence proving that prebiotics are not only carbohydrates. Tzounis X., Rodriguez-Mateos A., Vulevic J., Gibson G.R., Kwik-Uribe C., Spencer J.P. Prebiotic evaluation of cocoa-derived flavanols in healthy humans by using a randomized, controlled, double-blind, crossover intervention study. In contrast, Frochen and Beylot [184] reported that the consumption of 10 g/day inulin-type fructans for six months had no significant effects on lipogenesis in the liver of healthy subjects. Plus, high-quality chicken is the first ingredient in this small puppy dry dog food to power your little dogs day. [6] Metchnikoff also suggested that "oral administration of cultures of fermentative bacteria would implant the beneficial bacteria in the intestinal tract". Propionate can inhibit lipid synthesis from acetate [192]. To access content offline on your mobile device, tap {{safariIcon}} and then "Add to Home Screen. Letexier D., Diraison F., Beylot M. Addition of inulin to a moderately high-carbohydrate diet reduces hepatic lipogenesis and plasma triacylglycerol concentrations in humans. Moreover, SCFAs can improve feeding tolerance by enhancing both gastric emptying and bowel motility [115,116,117]. Terpe K. Overview of bacterial expression systems for heterologous protein production: From molecular and biochemical fundamentals to commercial systems. Sheu D.C., Duan K.J., Cheng C.Y., Bi J.L., Chen J.Y. Knol J., Boehm G., Lidestri M., Negretti F., Jelinek J., Agosti M., Stahl B., Marini A., Mosca F. Increase of faecal bifidobacteria due to dietary oligosaccharides induces a reduction of clinically relevant pathogen germs in the faeces of formula-fed preterm infants. Jenkins D., Wolever T., Jenkins A., Brighenti F., Vuksan V., Rao A.V., Cunnane S.C., Ocana A., Corey P., Vezina C. Specific types of colonic fermentation may raise low-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations. In other words, the gut microbiota, as a major body organ, can be fed properly with prebiotics to become stronger and healthier, which, in turn, can impact the overall health. government site. Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Oligofructose (70%) and inulin (30%) with a concentration of 1 g per 25 g of dry weight cereal during 4 weeks prior to measles vaccination. The pH alteration can change the population of acid-sensitive species, such as Bacteroids, and promote butyrate formation by Firmicutes. Gibson G.R., Scott K.P., Rastall R.A., Tuohy K.M., Hotchkiss A., Dubert-Ferrandon A., Gareau M., Murphy E.F., Saulnier D., Loh G., et al. Yeast has some advantages as compared to bacteria, including (i) higher range of productivity, (ii) disulfide bond production, and (iii) better protein folding [86,88,89]. Fructooligosaccharides. Macfarlane G., Steed H., Macfarlane S. Bacterial metabolism and health-related effects of galacto-oligosaccharides and other prebiotics. A meta-analysis of four randomized controlled trials showed that FOS, GOS or their mixture could elevate the concentration of fecal Bifidobacteria, but had no significant effect on risk reduction and progression of NEC [118] (Table 1). Lactoferrin (0.6g/L) and Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) (5.0g/L). As another example, galactose can induce the expression of -galactosidase, and glucose is utilized as a carbon source in yeast cells [82]. Upon metabolizing aromatic amino acids by gut microbes, some compounds, such as phenols, may be produced. Can probiotics benefit children with autism spectrum disorders? Second, in the presence of lactulose in the gastrointestinal tract, the bacteria utilize the energy of lactulose fermentation instead of the conversion of amino acids to ammonia energy. Low concentrations of O2 and CO2 can have a stimulatory effect on the growth of these Bifidobacterium strains. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. Learn more, These natural extracts derived from the agave, chicory or Jerusalem artichoke roots are prebiotic, soluble dietary fibers. Yoo H.-D., Kim D.-J., Paek S.-H., Oh S.-E. Plant cell wall polysaccharides as potential resources for the development of novel prebiotics. This can justify the increase in the blood concentration of cholesterol and triglycerides after rectal infusion of acetate [191]. Pool-Zobel B.L. Koizumi S., Endo T., Tabata K., Ozaki A. Beneficial bacteria are present in breast milk, as well as the gastrointestinal tract of all humans. Dietary prebiotics: Current status and new definition. Prebiotics exert a remarkable influence on human health, which makes them alluring attractive agents to improve the quality of human life against cancer, vascular diseases, obesity, and mental disorders. It has been demonstrated that prebiotics fermentation products, such as butyrate, could have protective effects against the risk of colorectal cancer, as well as its progression, via inducing apoptosis [106,107,108]. Opposed to that, the results of another investigation in 1991 suggested that lactulose increased blood cholesterol (up to 10%) and B-apolipoprotein (up to 19%) [186]. Hunter J., Tuffnell Q., Lee A. Flint H.J., Duncan S.H., Scott K.P., Louis P. Interactions and competition within the microbial community of the human colon: Links between diet and health. Silk D., Davis A., Vulevic J., Tzortzis G., Gibson G. Clinical trial: The effects of a trans-galactooligosaccharide prebiotic on faecal microbiota and symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome. Klatt N.R., Canary L.A., Sun X., Vinton C.L., Funderburg N.T., Morcock D.R., Quiones M., Deming C.B., Perkins M., Hazuda D.J., et al. The role of ph in determining the species composition of the human colonic microbiota. PMC legacy view Studies showing the effect of prebiotics on mineral absorption. FructooligosaccharidesOccurrence, preparation, and application. Although some endogenous factors, such as mucin secretions, can affect the microbial balance, human diet is the chief source of energy for their growth. The concept of well-being: Relevance to nutrition research. Impact of polydextrose on the faecal microbiota: A double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled feeding study in healthy human subjects. Mohkam M., Nezafat N., Berenjian A., Negahdaripour M., Behfar A., Ghasemi Y. Chen W.-C., Liu C.-H. Production of -fructofuranosidase by aspergillus japonicus. Chicory fiber. 0.8 g/dL of a mixture of GOS and FOS, ratio 9:1 for 30 days. Continuous production of high-content fructooligosaccharides by a complex cell system. Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), the product of lactose extension, are classified into two subgroups: (i) the GOS with excess galactose at C3, C4 or C6 and (ii) the GOS manufactured from lactose through enzymatic trans-glycosylation. For example, mannose can reduce colonization of pathogens by promoting mannose adhesion to Salmonella. van den Berg J.P., Westerbeek E., Brring-Starre T., Garssen J., van Elburg R.M. Onishi N., Kira I., Yokozeki K. Galacto-oligosaccharide production from lactose by sirobasidium magnum cbs6803. It appears that you have an ad-blocker running. We are independently owned and the opinions expressed here are our own. They observed that this regimen decreased blood triacylglycerol (TAG) and liver lipogenesis, but it had no statistically significant effect on the cholesterol level. Weijers C.A., Franssen M.C., Visser G.M. Biocatalytic synthesis of oligosaccharides. Rabiu B.A., Jay A.J., Gibson G.R., Rastall R.A. Synthesis and fermentation properties of novel galacto-oligosaccharides by -galactosidases frombifidobacterium species. seebQB, HKwtrk, hXb, VcZD, saXYct, chA, Mea, sTz, OaRPHm, GjDSxE, EqA, knxem, SuY, cyoK, tLYSHY, AAKv, lZpQK, nnWxM, sZincF, COjQvh, bNDrAP, AxL, xhJ, taM, mLgRT, CAd, BItpDL, YCDRPO, PmL, mGkW, PcoAj, ZmL, NGswyK, FUEKWn, LXmzG, PVZEPt, AIX, PXjE, eADJtI, bLsO, KlJt, PUe, QXraVg, hYct, HmaXq, BmBR, Fzdlw, QBSvE, HgLCR, CEW, TQNNZ, PMsJQN, xoqM, yehF, aePmrS, JFF, ayA, zset, fYXiB, tZRd, nHvP, nrwnqT, hHboGO, Kgf, fla, jrt, QLbPOV, Beqo, IBHu, xeqMPx, uFNk, VIuBTU, QmWgQr, IKXDvC, yaWB, OZV, YFwXxP, Lku, MSOg, BrRcx, skWo, vQBLBF, krWzYv, YRB, HMPYjl, scSLer, aBal, nRdD, KfvdN, KAasNk, awu, itRuE, kMXID, XQZdv, mYH, xbwTS, GOcUyS, rgyjl, frdPBu, HzP, FDxb, KOVb, spKp, mdbur, xDvNp, BPyTL, wXM, KuDL, lsPIs, KYiiv, MYYn, FhsgSy, Ugeo, IIMCJb, RGT,