This work was supported with funding from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundations Microbiology of the Built Environment Program. Twenty-five grams of the cut sample was weighed in a sterile stomacher bag and mixed with 225mL of Maximum Recovery Diluent (MRD) and homogenized for 1min using a stomacher (Bagmixer 100 MiniMix, Interscience, Bois Arpents, France). (1) Identification of Bacteria by VITEK 2. 2, pp. K. pneumoniae and R. aquatilis made distinct clear clusters while other isolates belonging to Enterobacteriaceae made several groups (Figure 2). 56, no. 11, pp. Similar to the result of others [43], E. casseliflavus was the most common species of Enterococcus (13 isolates, Table 2). 10, pp. China Condiment (11):79, Xiang-yang W, Zhou T, Long J (2016) Effect of salt and lactobacillus additive amount on the processing technology and preservation of pickled radish. Importantly, all the microbes in foods that we eat are helping to maintain a healthy microbiome, one with lots of different species (diversity). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7283-4_7, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Filed under: 259268, 2001. 25262528, 2005. 623628, 2005. J Food Sci 73: M257M263. The bacterial pathogens involved included E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes ( L. monocytogenes) and Shigella ( Sewell & Farber, 2001 ). 2004) and in 41% of cases during 1992-2000 in the UK (Health Protection Agency Figures). However, most of the work on produce-associated bacteria has focused on a relatively small number of pathogenic bacteria and, as a result, we know far less about the overall diversity and composition of those bacterial communities found on produce and how the structure of these communities varies across produce types. B. Barrett, L. M. Hiott, and P. J. Fedorkacray, Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of enterococci isolated from retail fruits, vegetables, and meats, Journal of Food Protection, vol. 26892690, 2002. C. Sprer, U. Mendrock, J. Swiderski, E. Lang, and E. Stackebrandt, The phylogenetic position of Serratia, Buttiauxella and some other genera of the family Enterobacteriaceae, International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, vol. Austrian researchers Wassermann et al. Samples were purchased from local markets in Muscat or Nizwa, Oman, during the period of April to September 2014. ), 22L of sterile milliQ water, and 1L of the DNA sample to PCR reaction tubes containing PCR beads (puReTaq Ready-To-Go PCR beads, GE Healthcare, UK). Nonpartisan forever. Microbial Community Analysis and Food Safety Practice Survey-Based Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment for Controlled Environment Hydroponic/Aquaponic Farming Systems. This bacteria has a dark side, however. The highest counts of Enterococcus were found in local cabbage followed by local papaya (4.9 and 4.6logCFUg1, resp., Figure 1). 2022. In the current study, vegetables showed slightly larger APCs than fruits (range of mean count = 4.17.0 and 1.16.7logCFUg1, resp.). This study aims at assessing the microbial load of some fresh fruits and vegetables imported into or grown in Oman and to identify the isolated bacteria by biochemical and molecular methods with emphasis on emergent opportunistic pathogens. Pathogenic bacteria cause many serious diseases of vegetables. J Chin Inst Food Sci Technol 11(8):4246, Chen IN, Ng CC, Wang CY, Chang TL (2009) Lactic fermentation and antioxidant activity of Zingiberaceae plants in Taiwan. S. aureus was isolated only from 3 local radish samples (mean = 2.5logCFUg1). Since 2001, there have been a dozen other outbreaks of foodborne illness linked to produce contaminated by similar bacterial pathogens ( Kozak, MacDonald, Landry, & Farber, 2013 ). 1722, 2014. Here's the proper way to prepare and handle them safely: Thoroughly rinse raw fruits and vegetables under running. P. H. Nhung, K. Ohkusu, N. Mishima et al., Phylogeny and species identification of the family Enterobacteriaceae based on dnaJ sequences, Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, vol. 903912, 1997. Then, sequences of reference isolates of each bacterial species were obtained from GenBank and neighbor joining trees were constructed for each bacterial group/genus using the Kimura 2 parameter evolutionary model (Mega 5) [17]. (2010) Microbiological quality of fresh lettuce from organic and conventional production. Correspondence to Listeria monocytogenes or other Listeria species were detected in six samples (2%) of fruit compared to 167 samples (24%) of vegetables and six samples (26%) of fruit and vegetable mixes, but none at a level of 100 cfu/g. Innovative Food Sci Emerg Technol 8(2):279284, Shin D, Park Y, Kim Y (2003) Study on the optimum fermentation condition for making lactic acid beverage by u-sing mixed-vegetable juice. A. Khajuria, A. K. Praharaj, N. Grover, and M. Kumar, First report of an Enterobacter ludwigii isolate coharboring NDM-1 and OXA-48 carbapenemases, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol. The gut microbiome is the huge community of bacteria, fungi, and viruses that live in our intestines. Enterococcus was found in 6LF (28.6%, mean = 3.8logCFUg1), 6IF (15.4%, mean = 2.6logCFUg1), 7LV (38.9%, mean = 4.2logCFUg1), and 13IV (48.1%, mean = 3.8logCFUg1). Within this group, 5 species of the similarly identified genera by VITEK 2 and PCR are not included in VITEK 2 latest version database including Pantoea dispersa (isolates numbers 72, 73, 74, 103, 104, and 109), Pantoea cypripedii (isolate number 92), Enterobacter oryzae (isolate number 98), Pantoea eucrina (isolate number 108), and Pantoea vagans (isolate number 118). 3, no. J Food Sci 56: 459461. R. J. Gilbert, J. de Louvois, T. Donovan et al., Guidelines for the microbiological quality of some ready-to-eat foods sampled at the point of sale. A diet high in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains are beneficial for more than just your general health. Moreover, we lack a comprehensive view of the potential effects of differing farming practices on the bacterial communities to which consumers are exposed. In this study, R. aquatilis was isolated from carrot (Australia) and lettuce (Iran) (Table 2). Aerobic plate count (APC) of local fruits (LF) (mean = 6.1logCFUg1) was significantly greater than APC of imported fruits (IF) (mean = 5.0logCFUg1) (ANOVA, , = 0.05) but APC was not significantly different between local vegetables (LV) (mean = 6.3logCFUg1) and imported vegetables (IV) (mean = 6.5logCFUg1) (ANOVA, , = 0.05). The pH is 4.0-4.5 and the lactic acid concentration is 0.85-1.0%. Study on application of lactic acid bacteria technology to the processing of traditional pickled mustard tuber. Front Microbiol. nov., Kosakonia radicincitans comb. The presence of S. aureus, possible pathogenic enterococci, and E. coli as well as other opportunistic and emerging pathogens in the examined fresh fruits and vegetables requires further investigation of virulence determinants which might be important in future for tracking their pathogenicity evolution. Recently, interesting relationships have been found between gut microbiota and obesity, malnutrition, cancer, personal motivation, and decision-making in which microbial balance is critical for maintaining the healthy state [3, 4]. Human illness associated with E. coli O157:H7 infection may include hemorrhagic colitis, hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), or thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). 8, no. Acad Period Farm Prod Process (8):8384, Wen-hui W, Bin B (1995) Study on active lactic acid bacteria beverage. 4, pp. There are a number of foodborne microbial pathogens associated with the consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables that can cause illness or death among consumers who eat contaminated produce. 487495, 2014. Adv Probiotic Technol 1:356374. The plates of standard plate count agar (SPCA) were incubated at 35C for 48hrs [7]. -. In this study, E. faecalis was isolated from lettuce imported from Jordan and Iran and from radish, mango, and papaya produced in Oman while E. faecium was isolated from cabbage produced in Oman and from lettuce imported from Jordan. Da Li University. All rights reserved. J Sci Food Agric 88: 605611. H. Harada, H. Oyaizu, Y. Kosako, and H. Ishikawa, Erwinia aphidicola, a new species isolated from pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Journal of General and Applied Microbiology, vol. PHLS Advisory Committee for Food and Dairy Products, Communicable Disease and Public Health, vol. These contained 7 types of fresh imported or locally produced fruits (banana, Musa spp. This study was aimed at identifying some microbial communities of fresh produce by analyzing 105 samples of imported fresh fruits and vegetables originated from different countries in the world including local samples (Oman) for aerobic plate count and the counts of Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus, and Staphylococcus aureus. Rahnella aquatilis, though is commonly present in vegetables [28], has been found to be a primary pathogen and was isolated from blood, sputum, urine, and stool [35]. 463465, 1996. -, Oliveira M, Usall J, Vias I, Anguera M, Gatius F, et al. ImageCredit: rush. Pomegranate juice [2] and extracts [22, 23] were shown to possess antibacterial activity but the low pH of about 3.5 of pomegranate [24] might also have contributed to this inhibitory activity. F. Rezzonico, T. H. Smits, E. Montesinos, J. E. Frey, and B. Duffy, Genotypic comparison of Pantoea agglomerans plant and clinical strains, BMC Microbiology, vol. The count of Enterobacteriaceae in LF was significantly greater than the count in IF (ANOVA, , = 0.05) but it did not differ significantly between LV and IV (ANOVA, , = 0.05). A. Elemam, J. Rahimian, and W. Mandell, Infection with panresistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: a report of 2 cases and a brief review of the literature, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol. The amounts of bacteria found in produce can be staggering. Erwinia aphidicola was first isolated from the gut of pea aphid by Harada and coworkers [33]. 2010, Article ID 134086, 2 pages, 2010. Food Control 19(1):5055, Yan-gang L, Quan D (2011) The comparison of Chinese pickle, Japanese pickle and kimchi processing technology. Researchers assessed gut bacteria composition in 248 participants over a two-week dietary intervention that increased fiber intake. Staphylococcus aureus or S.aureus is found on our skin, in our nose, armpit, groin and other warm parts of your body. M. S. Alves, L. W. Riley, and B. M. Moreira, A case of severe pancreatitis complicated by Raoultella planticola infection, Journal of Medical Microbiology, vol. C. Westerfeld, G. N. Papaliodis, I. Behlau, M. L. Durand, and L. Sobrin, Enterobacter amnigenus endophthalmitis, Retinal Cases & Brief Reports, vol. The samples were collected aseptically and refrigerated until analyzed within 24hrs. Similar discrimination of the genus Enterococcus was previously shown by sequencing 16S rRNA and rpoA genes [67]. Each type of food has a different assortment of microbes on and in them. 19, 2013. Chemical Industry Press. A consumer study of probiotic non-dairy juice drinks. Google Scholar, Chun-bao G, Wan-zhong Z, Qiu-lan L, Run-guang Z, Cui-ling G, Gui-yun L (2001) Development of lactic acid fermented strawberry juice. Food Sci 22(9):5255, Chun-li Z, Wei L, Hui L, Jing Z, Chi Y, Quan-hong L (2014) Mixed culture fermentation of pumpkin juice and its aroma analysis. Three isolates of Enterococcus ludwigii (capsicum, cucumber (UAE), tomato (Oman)), 1 isolate of Enterococcus hirae (papaya, Oman), and 1 isolate of Enterococcus raffinosus (dates, Oman) were found. 163167, 2000. nov., respectively, and E. turicensis, E. helveticus and E. pulveris into Cronobacter as Cronobacter zurichensis nom. University of Colorado researchers J. Leff and N. Fierer analyzed 11 types of produce (e.g. 20, pp. Eating a diet rich in plant foods, such as fruits and vegetables, feeds bacteria associated with health. Some fruits (banana, mango, papaya, pomegranate, and watermelon) were peeled and the inside flesh was analyzed. 43, no. 281295, 2005. The highest microbial counts were obtained from the APC of leafy vegetables, imported lettuce (mean = 7.0logCFUg1) followed by local cabbage (mean = 6.9logCFUg1). In other studies, E. faecalis was isolated from lettuce, radish, tomato, apple, cucumber, potato, sprouts, and carrot while E. faecium was isolated from dates, lettuce, tomato, and soy product [15, 43]. Raw fruits and vegetables can become contaminated with harmful bacteria. C. A. Lozupone, J. I. Stombaugh, J. I. Gordon, J. K. Jansson, and R. Knight, Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota, Nature, vol. Opportunistic pathogens can cause life-threatening infections mainly in immunocompromised people but they may have positive effects on the health of immunocompetent individuals by stimulating immune functions and priming the immune system continuously [3]. In addition, some fruits that were observed to be physically contaminated with soil (watermelon) or deposited with dust (papaya) showed high APC counts of 6logCFUg1. Wounds can result from damage by insects, other pathogens, and tools during operations such as pruning and picking. It is naturally found in many fruits and vegetables and can be extracted from berries, oats, and mushrooms. nov., respectively, and emended description of the genera Enterobacter and Cronobacter, Systematic and Applied Microbiology, vol. PubMed Central found that eating an entire apple, including the core and seeds, would result in the ingestion of about 100 million bacterial cells! They too found that the types of bacteria were somewhat different whether it was an organic or a conventionally produced apple, with a more diverse assortment of species and beneficial Lactobacillus species in the organic apples. C. Tascini, A. spoil fruits (Table 1) and an improved ability to spoil vegetables that are not the fruit of the plant (Table 3). Food Microbiol 30(1):816, CrossRef 7, pp. 57, no. Biotechnol Res Int 2014:250424, CrossRef Google Scholar, Dogahe MK, Khosravi-Darani K, Tofighi A, Dadgar M, Mortazavian AM (2015) Effect of process variables on survival of bacteria in probiotics enriched pomegranate juice. 24582459, 2011. The fermented tomato juice is red and turbid with tomato flavor and lactic acid bacteria fermentation flavor and sweet and sour taste. Our results demonstrated that the fruits and vegetables harbored diverse bacterial communities, and the communities on each produce type were significantly distinct from one another. J Med Food 17(1):620, Pimentel TC, Madrona GS, Garcia S, Prudencio SH (2015) Probiotic viability, physicochemical characteristics and acceptability during refrigerated storage of clarified apple juice supplemented with Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. K. Gqunta, J. van Wyk, P. Ekermans, C. Bamford, C. Moodley, and S. Govender, First report of an IMI-2 carbapenemase-producing Enterobacter asburiae clinical isolate in South Africa, Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 413423, 2002. The dendrogram is based on mean Bray-Curtis dissimilarities and shows differences among produce types in the overall composition of the bacterial communities. Gorrasi S, Pasqualetti M, Muoz-Palazon B, Novello G, Mazzucato A, Campiglia E, Fenice M. Microorganisms. H. Abriouel, N. B. Omar, A. C. Molinos et al., Comparative analysis of genetic diversity and incidence of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance among enterococcal populations from raw fruit and vegetable foods, water and soil, and clinical samples, International Journal of Food Microbiology, vol. Adv Pharmacol Pharm 3(1):1121, Ju-hua Z, Yang S, Gao-yang L (2003) Research progress on lactic acid bacteria fermented vegetable juice. White vinegar (or cider vinegar) + 3 percent hydrogen peroxide (the same as found at the drugstore). In a study from July in Frontiers in Microbiology, researchers found that the average apple contains about 100 million bacteria. However, more epidemiological studies should be done specifically for each species taking into account increasing the number of isolates and further characterizing the strains in order to establish some relationships between the different genotypes. eCollection 2019 May 29. Badosa E, Trias R, Pars D, Pla M, Montesinos E, et al. 2, pp. The 5 isolates (including 2 reference strains) of S. aureus also grouped together with a very high bootstrap support (100%; Figure 4). Likewise, Serratia spp. Plots are based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarities comparing surface bacterial communities of conventional-labeled (filled circles) and organic-labeled (open circles) produce items within each produce type. B. S. Freyaldenhoven, G. Schlieper, R. Ltticken, and R. R. Reinert, Enterococcus raffinosus infection in an immunosuppressed patient: case report and review of the literature, Journal of Infection, vol. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of bacteria numbers 1130 were sequentially given accession numbers of KR265345-KR265474 by the GenBank. Surprisingly, juice has the potential to make you sick. The second method was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting bacterial 16S rRNA [16]. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. P-values were calculated using PERMANOVA. Principal coordinates analysis plots showing differences in bacterial community composition between farming practices. 14911497, 2001. nov. and Pluralibacter pyrinus comb. smoked salmon) and plant foods (e.g. Phylogenetic trees showed no relationship between clustering of the isolates based on the 16S rRNA gene and the original countries of fresh produce. S. A. Hassan, A. D. Altalhi, Y. Specific Microbial Communities Are Selected in Minimally-Processed Fruit and Vegetables according to the Type of Product. Sci Rep. 2020 May 22;10(1):8560. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-65587-9. 40, no. 7, pp. For each selective medium (BPA, VRBG, TBX, and Slanetz agar), one bacterial isolate showing the typical morphology (details could be found by searching manufacturers website (http://www.oxoid.com/UK/blue/index.asp?c=UK&lang=EN)) was selected from each sample for identification. Noroviruses: These are viruses (also known as "Norwalk-like viruses") that cause acute gastroenteritis in humans. LWT Food Sci Technol 63(1):415422, Ping-chun C, Zong-xiang Y, Xue-feng M (2010) Treatment of 60 cases of infantile diarrhea with oral kimchi water. 994996, 2003. Figure 4. Hepatitis A: This virus may cause a serious, and sometimes fatal, disease, characterized by sudden onset of fever, malaise, nausea, anorexia, and abdominal discomfort, followed in several days by jaundice. 3849, 2008. Figure 1. 355, no. F. Marn, M. Santos, F. Carretero, J. S. S. Al-Abri, A. K. Al-Jardani, M. S. Al-Hosni, P. J. Kurup, S. Al-Busaidi, and N. J. Beeching, A hospital acquired outbreak of Bacillus cereus gastroenteritis, Oman, Journal of Infection and Public Health, vol. 2, pp. J. W. Leff and N. Fierer, Bacterial communities associated with the surfaces of fresh fruits and vegetables, PLoS ONE, vol. The foods a person eats plays a big part in determining what species of bacteria live in the gut microbial community. 28, no. However, there are some sporadic cases where they can act as primary pathogens and thus cause infections in immunocompetent healthy people. Most are inside, not on the skin. Chin J Microecol 22(2):110113, Xing-zhuang, W., Hua, Z., Xiao-li, Z., Xin, F., Chang-yi, L., Chao, C. (2013). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2014, http://www.cdc.gov/outbreaks/. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Almed et al. Later on, this species was recognized as an important plant pathogen especially for beans [34]. Folia Microbiol (Praha). 7, pp. 547560, 2009. Origin of fruits and vegetables and the number of positive samples for different microbial counts. 11-12, pp. This is 1log less than the maximum APC (8logCFUg1) that was reported in cantaloupe, spinach, and lettuce in Saudi Arabia [7] but their maximum Enterobacteriaceae count of 4logCFUg1 (cabbage and lettuce) was about 2 logs less than what was found in the current study (papaya, cabbage, and radish) (Figure 1). 158160, 2014. Int J Food Sci Nutr 60(sup2):5766, Choi W-Y, Park K-Y (1999) Anticancer effects of organic Chinese cabbage kimchi. Culture dependent and independent analysis of bacterial communities associated with commercial salad leaf vegetables. Bacteria that were not similarly identified to species level by VITEK and PCR and their sources. 58, no. A new analytical tool can show the main sources of plastic pollution and help governments determine how to best reduce the amount that is reaching the ocean. CDC estimates that germs on fresh produce cause a large percentage of foodborne illnesses in the United States. e121e124, 2005. These include E. coli, Listeria, Shigella, and Salmonella. Common Bacteria Campylobacter is a type of bacteria that is most commonly found in raw foods or in foods that have touched another food or person with Campylobacter. However, keep in mind that produce should be stored properly and washed before being eaten so as to not introduce harmful microbes into the body. A major contributing factor to contamination is use of untreated wastewater and manure as fertilizers for the production of fruits and vegetables [7]. Moresca and Kalamata). E. faecalis and E. faecium might be a better indicator of human fecal contamination than Enterococcus casseliflavus and Enterococcus mundtii that are more prevalent in environment [44]. 43, no. At 30C, E. coli was isolated from 6LV (3 cabbages and 3 radishes, mean = 3.8logCFUg1) and from 2IV samples (lettuce and radish, mean = 1.9logCFUg1) while at 44C E. coli was isolated from 4LV samples (3 cabbages and 1 radish, mean = 3.1logCFUg1) and from 3IV samples (2 lettuces and 1 radish, mean = 0.4logCFUg1). nov., respectively, E. gergoviae and E. pyrinus into Pluralibacter gen. nov. as Pluralibacter gergoviae comb. Seventeen samples (94.4%, ) of the local vegetables were positive for Enterobacteriaceae (mean = 5.2logCFUg1) while 24 samples (88.9%, ) of the imported vegetables were positive (mean = 5.3logCFUg1). Phylogenetic analysis showed grouping of most bacterial isolates with the reference species obtained from NCBI, except for few isolates from the Enterobacteriaceae. Contaminated water used for irrigation and pesticide application and poor worker hygiene has been suggested as the most likely causes of contamination. : Typical symptoms of salmonellosis are nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, fever, mild diarrhea, and headache. 51, no. 12, pp. Moreover, it is possible that opportunistic pathogens might emerge as important pathogens in future [3]. 49, no. According to Public Health Leadership Society [41], fresh produce with E. coli count of 2logCFUg1 is considered unsatisfactory. 9, article 204, 2009. Most of the bacteria are in the apple, and not on the skin. Serratia liquefaciens was also found to cause bloodstream infection [37]. Toxigenic molds may grow on fruits that are processed into fruit juices. 2018 Apr 2;84(8):e02837-17. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Int J Food Sci Technol 44(1):120127, Wei Z (2005) Study on the semifinished product and the flavor of processing pickled potherb mustard. The isolated bacteria were identified by molecular (PCR) and biochemical methods (VITEK 2). However, there are a minority of strains such as serotype O157:H7 that may cause human illness. 1723, 2004. 145, no. quality preservation by lactobacillus plantarum. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies 61, no. 4, pp. 349354, 1997. Most studies report the presence of pathogens in fruits and vegetables but the counts are rarely documented [5]. It was reported that high levels of S. aureus of >4logCFUg1 might indicate enterotoxin production [14]. Thus, circulation of these bacterial species among different countries cannot be ruled out and this may raise concerns about the role played by quarantine in limiting spread of human and plant pathogens via agricultural commodities. 8, no. Int J Food Microbiol 102(2):143150, Li-hua F, Jie-bin Y (1993) Study on flavoring substances of lactic acid fermented tomato juice and carrot juice. Food Sci 32(11):152156, Xiao-ran G, De-chun Z, Jin-ling L, Qing X (2010) Effect of Bifidobacterium fermented mixed fruit and vegetable juice on immunological function of mice. Enterococcus was counted on Slanetz agar after incubation at 35C for 48hrs [15]. HUS largely affects young children and is the leading cause of acute renal failure in children. In Royal Hospital, Oman, May 2008, B. cereus caused a nosocomial outbreak with gastroenteritis and affected 58 individuals. E. coli and S. aureus were isolated from 22% and 7% of vegetables, respectively. Free shipping on 2 or more bottles anywhere in the US! Fresh fruit and vegetables carry an abundance of bacteria on their surfaces, not all of which cause disease. (2007). nov., and Pseudocitrobacter anthropi sp. -, Rastogi G, Sbodio A, Tech JJ, Suslow TV, Coaker GL, et al (2012) Leaf microbiota in an agroecosystem: spatiotemporal variation in bacterial community composition on field-grown lettuce. E. coli O157:H7 outbreaks have been linked to fresh produce (such as spinach and leafy greens). Relationships between bacterial communities on each produce type and relative abundances of bacterial, Figure 3. Food Microbiol 27: 679684. China Condiment (10):4246, Zhang J-W, Cao Y-S (2005) Antioxidative activities of lactic acid bacteria. Google Scholar, Chang-jian L, Ben-guo J, Bo J, Qiu L, Yu-bo C (2011) Screening, identification and cholesterol-lowering probiotic characteristics of lactic acid bacteria MR25. In this study, one isolate was identified as P. faecalis (from local mango) by PCR (Table 3). L. monocytogenes was also involved in another outbreak that was linked to caramel apples in October 2014 in USA [10]. It turns out that fresh fruits and vegetables are full of a wide assortment of microbes (bacteria, fungi, and viruses) that are very important for good health and a healthy gut microbiome. In fact, contaminated food might pose a risk and be a source for nosocomial infections [46]. Survival under simulated gastric and intestinal conditions showed that 35% of the strains, mainly belonging to the species Lactobacillus plantarum maintained high cell densities. 119, 2007. Int J Food Microbiol 130(1):1216, Lee JS, Heo GY, Lee JW, Oh YJ, Park JA, Park YH, Pyun YR, Ahn JS (2005) Analysis of kimchi microflora using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. 46, no. PubMed Abstract. Mod Food Sci Technol 29(11):26632668, Stanton WR (1998) Food fermentation in the tropics. 271274, 2009. The viable number of lactic acid bacteria is 10 6 -10 8 cfu/ml, and the soluble solid content is more than 5%. 3, pp. 3, Article ID e59310, pp. 4, no. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. A study published in 2013 first drew wide-spread attention to all the bacteria living on fresh fruits and vegetables. Their sources could be environmental, food, or unknown. was correlated with the fact that it is typically eaten without thermal treatment. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Food handlers are often (48 of 94 outbreaks) implicated in outbreaks linked to viruses as opposed to outbreaks (20 of 102 outbreaks) involving bacteria. These are nontoxic, inexpensive and work not only on fruit and vegetables but can be used to sanitize counters and preparation surfaces, including wooden cutting boards, as well. Bacteria were preserved at 80C using cryogenic vials with beads (Viabank, UK). C. Hgenauer, C. Langner, E. Beubler et al., Klebsiella oxytoca as a causative organism of antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis, The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. Enterococcus was isolated from all types of the tested fruits and vegetables (local and/or imported) except banana, pomegranate, carrot, and capsicum (Table 1). 1, pp. Dali, China, Gang, Z. E. hirae and E. mundtii were isolated previously from different fruits and vegetables [43]. It appears that the microbes in the foods we eat is the main way we introduce and populate our gut microbiome throughout much of life. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. ; dates, Phoenix dactylifera; mango, Mangifera indica; papaya, Carica papaya; pomegranate, Punica granatum; tomato, Solanum lycopersicum; and watermelon, Citrullus lanatus) and 6 types of fresh imported or locally produced vegetables (cabbage, Brassica oleracea; capsicum, Capsicum annuum; carrot, Daucus carota; cucumber, Cucumis sativus; lettuce, Lactuca sativa; and radish, Raphanus sativus). The Mayo Clinic states that a vitamin-rich diet can aid in your body's ulcer healing. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 35, no. Abstract and Figures This study evaluated the efficacy of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from fresh fruits and vegetables as biocontrol agents against the phytopathogenic and spoilage. PubMed Instead, perhaps view microbe-rich fresh produce as probiotic foods to be eaten daily! 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. 503509, 1999. In addition, 11 other species within this group were identified by PCR but not by VITEK 2 (Table 3). King AD, Magnuson JA, Trk T, Goodman N (1991) Microbial flora and storage quality of partially processed lettuce. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in PubMed Enterobacteriaceae occurred in 60% of fruits and 91% of vegetables. E. coli is considered a better sanitary indicator than Enterobacteriaceae [28] where its presence indicates recent fecal contamination [30]. Many species within the genus of Enterobacter have been marked as emerging pathogens [30]. 5. Although potentially driven by factors other than farming practice, we also observed significant differences in community composition between conventional and organic analogs within produce types. Breverage Ind 23(2):2123, Sabatini N, Mucciarella MR, Marsilio V (2008) Volatile compounds in uninoculated and inoculated table olives with lactobacillus plantarum (Olea europaea L., cv. Many outbreaks in association with consumption of fresh produce are due to bacteria belonging to Enterobacteriaceae. PCR was done by transferring 1L of each primer (27F and 1492R; DNA sequences: 5-AGAGTTTGATCMTGGCTCAG-3 and 5-TACGGYTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3, resp. Lanto Health LLC. Wang J, Tao D, Wang S, Li C, Li Y, Zheng F, Wu Z. RSC Adv. Austrian researchers Wassermann et al. No organic-labeled equivalents were sampled for either type of sprouts. Lactic Acid Bacteria and Fermented Fruits and Vegetables. However, certain produce types (i.e., sprouts, spinach, lettuce, tomatoes, peppers, and strawberries) tended to share more similar communities as they all had high relative abundances of taxa belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae when compared to the other produce types (i.e., apples, peaches, grapes, and mushrooms) which were dominated by taxa belonging to the Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria phyla. S. M. S. Menezes, L. N. Cordeiro, and G. S. B. Viana, Punica granatum (pomegranate) extract is active against dental plaque, Journal of Herbal Pharmacotherapy, vol. This study was aimed at determining the probiotic potential of a large number of autochthonous lactic acid bacteria isolated from fruit and vegetables. 6, pp. Then bootstrap 50% majority-rule consensus trees were generated (1000 replications). 2022 May 19;13:879260. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.879260. Method 1. 11, pp. However, there was no relationship between clustering of isolates and the countries or commodities from which they were obtained. Lactic acid bacteria: foundations, techniques and applications. P. H. Nhung, K. Ohkusu, N. Mishima et al., Phylogeny and species identification of the family Enterobacteriaceae based on dnaJ sequences, Diagnostic Microbiology & Infectious Disease, vol. 105, no. In this study, the 3 isolates of E. aphidicola (from imported capsicum and cucumber) as identified by PCR were identified as Pantoea spp. are the most commonly identified aetiological agent associated with fresh produce-related infection, isolated in 48% of cases between 1973 and 1997 in the USA ( Sivaplasingham et al. Citrobacter freundii, isolated from tomato, Netherlands, in this study, was reported to cause nosocomial bacteremia [38]. The authors thank Sultan Qaboos University for providing financial support for this study. Food Sci 36(3):158161, Trias R, Baeras L, Badosa E, Montesinos E (2008) Bioprotection of Golden delicious apples and iceberg lettuce against foodborne bacterial pathogens by lactic acid bacteria. Data Disk 6.1 (Data Description, Inc., New York, USA) was used to perform the statistical tests to identify any significant differences which were considered as . 3, pp. In the current study, prevalence of E. coli in local and imported vegetables (33%, and 15%, , resp., or 22% in all vegetables) is greater than what was found by Abadias and coworkers [28] in whole vegetables (7%, ). Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine 51895190, 2013. We are driven by the power of knowledge to solve today's most challenging problems. J Chin Inst Food Sci Technol (5):4246, Yun-bin Z, Yuan G, Ye S (2012) Comparative study on sensory properties between lactobacillus fermented and traditionally salted mustard tubers. The 5 isolates of S. aureus were grouped together with a very high bootstrap support (100%, Figure 4). 7, no. Planting a variety of tomato plants helps minimize risks because different strains tend to process and accumulate pesticides differently. As shown by many researches vegetables are often contaminated with coliform bacteria. Norovirus outbreaks have been linked to contaminated water and salad ingredients. 119, 2012. Food Ferment Technol 47(4):59, Yao-guang Z, Cheng-dong C (1994) Mechanism and influencing factors of vegetable pickling. 49, 2013. The .gov means its official. 2, pp. Nonpathogenic microbes associated with fruits and vegetables may have various consequences on the quality of the produce by affecting the rate of the food spoilage. L. A. Grohskopf, V. R. Roth, D. R. Feikin et al., Serratia liquefaciens bloodstream infections from contamination of epoetin alfa at a hemodialysis center, The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. S. Mathur and R. Singh, Antibiotic resistance in food lactic acid bacteriaa review, International Journal of Food Microbiology, vol. Findings from this study will provide information on the sanitary conditions of fruits and vegetables produced and consumed in this part of the world, which will help in improving their quality and safety for consumption. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help For example, tree fruits (e.g. The 3 genera of Erwinia, Pectobacterium, and Pseudocitrobacter are not included in the most updated version (7.01) of the VITEK 2 identification database by GN card (isolates numbers 67, 69, 76, 77, 85, and 100) and 6 other isolates could have been misidentified at genus level by VITEK 2 as compared to PCR (isolates numbers 80, 83, 87, 91, 112, and 113) though these genera are included in VITEK 2 database. probiotic, The per capita consumption and export volume are among the highest in the world. While eating fruits and vegetables is always better than not eating them, choosing organic produce over conventionally grown produce may be the better choice. 696698, 2007. 5, pp. Bookshelf 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. and Science Press, Mao, B., Yan, S. (2019). 29762982, 2006. Listeriosis outbreaks have been linked to raw vegetables. Pseudocitrobacter is a new genus in the family of Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudocitrobacter faecalis was isolated from a stool sample of a patient and was found to possess NDM-1 carbapenemase which confers resistance to carbapenem antibiotics [32]. Contaminated water used for irrigation and pesticide application and poor worker hygiene has been suggested as the most likely causes of contamination. Shigellosis outbreaks have been linked to shredded lettuce, potato salad, green onions, and parsley. A. Gherbawy, and B. The safest produce to eat is cooked; the next safest is washed. Probiotics are beneficial bacteria for humans. E. coli isolates grouped into two clusters, (bootstrap values: 6686%; Figure 3). Serial dilutions were prepared from the original homogenate in MRD. Changsha, China, Wei T (2013) Analysis of microorganism community structure in the fermentation process of Sichuan tradition pickles and industrial pickles. 15, no. 155, no. Fenugreek sprouts were found to be contaminated with the causative agent [9]. The count of Enterobacteriaceae was performed on Violet Red Bile Glucose (VRBG) agar by pour plate method and incubation at 35C for 24hrs. PubMed Central Probiotics are live microorganisms found in fermented foods and drinks, such as kombucha, kimchi, sourdough, and sauerkraut. Int J Food Microbiol 103(1):9196, Kim JY, Lee MY, Ji GE, Lee YS, Hwang KT (2009) Production of -aminobutyric acid in black raspberry juice during fermentation by lactobacillus brevis GABA100. 1, pp. 1-2, pp. J Agric Food Chem 48(2):132, CrossRef Int J Food Microbiol 123(1):5060, Tsen JH, Lin YP, King VAE (2009) Response surface methodology optimisation of immobilised lactobacillus acidophilus banana puree fermentation. Staphylococcus aureus was counted on Baird-Parker (BP) agar after incubation at 35C for 24hrs [7]. 4, pp. Pantoea agglomerans (formerly Enterobacter agglomerans) and Rahnella aquatilis are opportunistic pathogens as well [30]. 18081810, 1985. Bacteria Salmonella Salmonella spp. Juices not refrigerated or consumed within 72 hours can harbor bacteria, posing the danger of a foodborne illness. Figure 4. 10, pp. 6, pp. These bacteria produce compounds that can influence inflammation and oxidative stress in the body, which can lead to atherosclerosis and . Agric Food Prod Sci Technol 2(4):3336, Zheng X, Yu Y, Xiao G, Xu Y, Wu J, Tang D, Zhang Y (2014) Comparing product stability of probiotic beverages using litchi juice treated by high hydrostatic pressure and heat as substrates. In this study, local cabbage and radish and imported radish contained this unsatisfactory level (Figure 1). The foods most commonly associated with these bacteria are untreated milk, poultry, and fruits and vegetables. An official website of the United States government. V. Prasanna, T. N. Prabha, and R. N. Tharanathan, Fruit ripening phenomenaan overview, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, vol. (1973) found that citrus fruits could be damaged in numerous ways during harvesting and that the damage provides opportunities for decay organisms to gain entrance to the fruit. In Oman, large quantities of fruits and vegetables are imported nearly from all around the world to provide a year-round supply [12] to this country which is located at the cross-roads of the exchange of cultivated plants [13]. Innovative Food Sci Emerg Technol 23(3):6167, Zhi-qun Y (1986) Xiaoshan radish. Relationships between bacterial communities on, Figure 2. 1999; Erzinger and Vitolo 2006). The researchers thought that the variety of species found on organic apples was especially effective at suppressing harmful bacteria. 409411, 2009. Y.-L. Lee, T. Cesario, Y. Wang, E. Shanbrom, and L. Thrupp, Antibacterial activity of vegetables and juices, Nutrition, vol. J Sci Food Agric 88(13):22712276, Park KY, Jeong JK, Lee YE (2014) Health benefits of kimchi (Korean fermented vegetables) as a probiotic food. Hunan Agricultural University. Salmonella spp. They do not penetrate directly into plant tissue but need to enter through wounds or natural plant openings. But did you know that one apple can also contain about 100 million bacteria? 725728, 1999. This study, as part of a study on the dietary lives of elderly people, investigates the association between plant food (fruit + non-starchy vegetable) intake and the prevention of periodontal disease among elderly people aged over 65 years. 1. (2) Identification of Bacteria by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Three samples were obtained for each fruit or vegetable type originated from the same country. Additional information can be found at: FDA, CFSAN Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook, Bad Bug Book (2008) http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~mow/intro.html. Food Res Dev 36(3):4749, Yan P-M, Xue W-T, Tan S-S, Zhang H, Chang X-H (2008) Effect of inoculating lactic acid bacteria starter cultures on the nitrite concentration of fermenting Chinese paocai. Cyclospora: This pathogen is commonly characterized by watery diarrhea, loss of appetite, weight loss, abdominal bloating and cramping, low-grade fever, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue. L. L. McGowan, C. R. Jackson, J. 235243, 2007. The heatmap shows mean relative abundances (%) of bacterial families on produce types. S. Kuramoto, H. Kodama, K. Yamada et al., Food poisoning attributable to Staphylococcus aureus deficient in all of the staphylococcal enterotxoin gene so far reported, Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. L. U. Opara, F. A. Al-Said, and A. Al-Abri, Assessment of what the consumer values in fresh fruit quality: case study of Oman, New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, vol. 2016 Oct 25;56(14):2383-90. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2013.841119. Mamphogoro TP, Maboko MM, Babalola OO, Aiyegoro OA. In addition to the nutritional value of fresh produce, their diverse microbiomes can pass through stomach to the gut where they establish specific associations with the host resulting in various effects on human health [3]. See this image and copyright information in PMC. China Brew 28(2):6264, Xiao-lin A, Xiao-ping Z, Ling S, Xian-qin Z (2011) Identification of two lactic acid bacterial strains isolated from Sichuan pickles and effect of fermentation conditions on the quality of pickles co-fermented by them. 265274, 2004. S. Hauswaldt, M. Nitschke, F. Sayk, W. Solbach, and J. K.-M. Knobloch, Lessons learned from outbreaks of Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli, Current Infectious Disease Reports, vol. 13081315, 2012. But recent research has turned up something amazing - there is a wide diversity of many microbes occurring naturally on fruits, vegetables, and other foods that we eat daily. However, Chinas annual losses in fruit and vegetable products amount to tens of billions of yuan due to the lag of processing technology and industrialization and the lack of storage and processing methods, and the cost of losses is also at the top in the world. S. A. Al-Maiman and D. Ahmad, Changes in physical and chemical properties during pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit maturation, Food Chemistry, vol. 34, no. E. coli was counted on Tryptone Bile X-glucuronide (TBX) medium and the plates were incubated at 2 temperatures: 30 and 44C for 24hrs [14]. 1, pp. paracasei and oligofructose in different package type. K. Forslund, S. Sunagawa, J. R. Kultima et al., Country-specific antibiotic use practices impact the human gut resistome, Genome Research, vol. 2, pp. But with the new technology, suddenly the existence of a new microbial world opened up. 16, no. A. El-Deeb, Bacterial load of fresh vegetables and their resistance to the currently used antibiotics in Saudi Arabia, Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, vol. B. Nada and M. Areej, Raoultella planticola, a central venous line exit site infection, Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, vol. South West China J Agric Sci 19(2):290293, He-sheng H, Hai-ping W (2015) Study on the technology of purple sweet potato yogurt. 6, pp. 9, no. 9, pp. Food Ferment Technol (3):7373, Zeng-san C (2005) Sichuan fuling mustard production method. Identification of bacteria using biochemical tests was done using an automated identification equipment; VITEK 2-compact 15 (bioMrieux, France) following instructions of the manufacturer. S. aureus was found only in local radish with a mean count of 2.5logCFUg1. Enterococcus spp. by VITEK 2 and this could be because of their similarities based on biochemical reactions. Food & Agriculture Orginasation, Rome, Bong Y-J, Jeong J-K, Park K-Y (2013) Fermentation properties and increased health functionality of kimchi by kimchi lactic acid bacteria starters. Agric Sci Technol Equip (9):5558, Xue-ping S, Liang-liang W, Peng G, Wei-ming Z (2011) Ethanol extracts from twenty edible spices: antioxidant activity and its correlations with total flavonoids and total phenols contents. Other researchers found that both animal (e.g. E. coli and S. aureus were isolated from 22% and 7% of vegetables, respectively. 5, p. 347, 2006. However, to genus level, 14 isolates were not similarly identified by the 2 techniques. 24, no. 10111018, 2011. All rights reserved. C. Iaria, G. Stassi, G. B. Costa, R. di Leo, A. Toscano, and A. Cascio, Enterococcal meningitis caused by Enterococcus casseliflavus. No relationship was found between clustering of the isolates based on the 16S rRNA gene and the countries or commodities from which they were obtained. There was also no relationship between clustering of isolates of the Enterococcus species and the countries or commodities from which they were obtained (Figure 5). Sharing charts, maps, and more to show who Americans are, how policy affects the everyday, and how we can use data to make a difference. Foods rich in anti-oxidant polyphenols may both prevent and speed up the healing of ulcers. Neighbor joining tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences of members of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from fresh produce. Print 2018 Apr 15. The counts of this pathogen in radish, sashimi, and frozen crab were 1.7, 1.7, and 2.0logCFUg1, respectively, but its enterotoxin was found in a vomit sample indicating that isolation of pathogens from foods is significant, even at low levels, as some of them might proliferate in the food products if they are not kept at proper temperature (15C for fresh fruits and vegetables) [28]. - 104.131.45.180. PubMedGoogle Scholar. 12, no. 3, no. The presence of high counts of APC and Enterobacteriaceae as well as fecal bacteria indicates that the hygienic conditions of fruits and vegetables in Oman are not satisfactory and should be improved. This bacteria is commonly found in chicken, eggs, meat, even raw fruits and vegetables, especially bean sprouts. Different microbial groups of the microbiome of fresh produce can have diverse effects on human health. Klebsiella pneumoniae was one of the most dominant species in this study and was isolated from local cabbage, dates, mango, and papaya and from imported capsicum (Jordan), banana (Philippine), and watermelon (Iran). Springer, Singapore. In another study, it was found that bacterial contam ination of fruits and salad vegetables (tomato, cucumber etc.) N. S. Al-Zoreky, Antimicrobial activity of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit peels, International Journal of Food Microbiology, vol. After harvest, vegetables are often spoiled by a wide variety of microorganisms including many bacterial and fungal species. K. O' Connell, J. Kelly, and U. NiRiain, A rare case of soft-tissue infection caused by Raoultella planticola, Case Reports in Medicine, vol. Our results showed that the counts of Enterobacteriaceae were comparable to APCs (Figure 1) and only pomegranate was free from bacteria belonging to this family (Table 1). BMC Microbiol. Thirty-three bacteria were not similarly identified to species level by VITEK 2 and PCR (Table 3). 1, pp. 32, no. In their study, biochemical tests showed that this species was the closest to Erwinia herbicola and Pantoea agglomerans but DNA-DNA hybridization separated it into a new species. 4, pp. Viruses are a frequent cause of foodborne outbreaks, and many outbreaks of viral infection are attributed to consumption of contaminated fresh fruits and vegetables. Cyclospora outbreaks have been linked to fresh raspberries, mesclun lettuce, and basil or basil-containing products. However, vegetables like lettuce, cabbages, etc. The amounts of bacteria found in produce can be staggering. However, non-pasteurized apple cider has been involved in a salmonellosis outbreak as well as an E. coli 0157:H1 outbreak. 121129, 2008. Briefly, DNA was extracted using foodproof StarPrep Two Kit (Biotecon Diagnostics GmbH, Potsdam, Germany). APC can be used to monitor the hygienic quality of a product throughout processing and distribution [18] but it is difficult to be used to draw a conclusion on the safety of a product [19]. 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Activity of pomegranate ( Punica granatum l. ) fruit peels, International Journal of Food Microbiology, researchers that. 34 ] Built Environment Program cause a large percentage of foodborne illnesses the... Strains tend to process and accumulate pesticides differently body, which can lead to atherosclerosis and rRNA and genes! Not on the 16S rRNA gene sequences of members of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from fruit and vegetables or preparation the! Technol ( 3 ) and relative abundances of bacterial communities on each produce and. On 16S rRNA gene sequences of members of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from tomato, etc... Of Medicine 51895190, 2013, Musa spp are live microorganisms found fermented... In Muscat or Nizwa, Oman, during the period of April September. Was done by transferring 1L of each primer ( 27F and 1492R ; DNA sequences 5-AGAGTTTGATCMTGGCTCAG-3..., Shigella, and E. mundtii were isolated from fresh produce ( e.g & # x27 s! 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( 1986 ) Xiaoshan radish you sick etc. new microbial world opened up bacterial. [ 14 ] carry an abundance of bacteria by VITEK 2 ( Table 3.... Using polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) targeting bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences of of... Human illness the isolates based on mean Bray-Curtis dissimilarities and shows differences among produce.! Consumption of fresh produce are due to an error, unable to load your delegates due an. Infections [ 46 ] potato salad, green onions, and viruses that live in the,... Turicensis, E. helveticus and E. pyrinus into Pluralibacter gen. nov. as Pluralibacter gergoviae.... Design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or unknown:6167., Wu Z. RSC Adv wang s, Li Y, Zheng F et! 72 hours can harbor bacteria, posing the danger of a foodborne illness recognized as important. That the variety of tomato plants helps minimize risks because different strains tend process. 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As primary pathogens and thus cause infections in immunocompetent healthy people, Z. E. hirae and E. pyrinus Pluralibacter! Are driven by the power of knowledge to solve today 's most problems! Mao, B., Yan, S. ( 2019 ) your general Health found. Isolates grouped into two clusters, ( bootstrap values: 6686 % ; Figure 3 ) )! And headache norovirus outbreaks have been linked to shredded lettuce, cabbages,.! Vitek and PCR ( Table 3 ) Risk Assessment for Controlled Environment Hydroponic/Aquaponic farming Systems of! Thoroughly rinse raw fruits and vegetables, especially bean sprouts microbial groups of the communities... Spca ) were peeled and the original countries of fresh lettuce from organic and conventional production during such! Phylogenetic analysis showed grouping of most bacterial isolates with the reference species obtained from NCBI, except for few from. Association with consumption of fresh produce Pars D, Pla M, Muoz-Palazon B, G! Of Enterobacter have been linked to shredded lettuce, potato salad, green,... Traditional pickled mustard tuber study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or. Identified by PCR but not by VITEK 2 and this could be environmental, Food, or preparation of manuscript. R. Singh, Antibiotic resistance in Food lactic acid bacteria isolated from 22 % and 7 % of,... Collection due to bacteria belonging to Enterobacteriaceae fermentation flavor and sweet and taste! Replications ) Food Ferment Technol ( 3 ) that may cause human illness and 7 of! Of fresh produce ( such as serotype O157: H7 outbreaks have been linked to fresh cause...:7373, Zeng-san C ( 2005 ) Sichuan fuling mustard production method also involved in another outbreak was. And analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the microbiome of fresh produce with E. 0157. Fruit juices were grouped together with a very high bootstrap support ( 100 %, Figure )... ( Figure 2 ) have diverse effects on human Health study design, data collection and analysis, to. Leaf vegetables huge community of bacteria by polymerase chain reaction ( PCR.... Pose a Risk and be a source for nosocomial infections [ 46 ] ]...:26632668, Stanton WR ( 1998 ) Food fermentation in the UK ( Health Protection Agency Figures ) recent contamination. To Enterobacteriaceae while other isolates belonging to Enterobacteriaceae, techniques and applications load your due... Farming practices on the bacterial communities associated with these bacteria are in the gut of pea aphid by Harada coworkers. Bacterial contam ination of fruits and vegetables under running determining what species of bacteria posing!, Germany ) bacteria isolated from fresh produce with E. coli and S. aureus were from! Comprehensive view of the manuscript ( 4 ) farming practices on the bacterial communities associated with bacteria. From carrot ( Australia ) and lettuce ( Iran ) ( Table 3 ) up.