alternative but to use xenon even if it incurs an increase in cost. 0000039371 00000 n Last Updated October, 2022. Yet, it is also found in the gases emitted by some mineral springs. Xenon increases cerebral blood flow, Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine Blood:gas partition coefficient = the ratio of the amount of anaesthetic in blood and gas when the two phases are of equal volume and pressure and in equilibrium at 37 C. High blood:gas partition coefficient = high solubility = low partial pressure in blood = slower onset 0000006470 00000 n There are none known metabolism effects. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. b+@fzEl(/vi r300n y Our Seattle Energy Code regulates the energy-use features of new and remodeled buildings, including: Building Envelope: requirements for roofs, walls, window,s etc. Shekhar H, Palaniappan A, Peng T, Lafond M, Moody MR, Haworth KJ, Huang S, McPherson DD, Holland CK. Although there arenaturally 9 isotopes,the most abundant is Xe 132. government site. Oil gas partition coefficient = A measure of lipid solubility of an anaesthetic agent. A space for your anaesthetics and intensive care educational needs. Xenon brain:blood solubility. 2018 Jun [PubMed PMID: 29793604], Parker JA,Coleman RE,Grady E,Royal HD,Siegel BA,Stabin MG,Sostman HD,Hilson AJ, SNM practice guideline for lung scintigraphy 4.0. Furthermore, GABAergic (GABAA receptor-mediated currents) responses limitedly contribute to xenon anesthesia. High costs. Characterization and Imaging of Lipid-Shelled Microbubbles for Ultrasound-Triggered Release of Xenon. [2]It is indicated in selected patients due to its cardiovascular stability, cerebral protection, and favorablepharmacokineticsincluding low solubility, and lack of metabolism. reactions, Stable in storage, no interaction with anaesthesia circuits Bookshelf 0000042657 00000 n v(;@ : 0000040172 00000 n 0000038580 00000 n sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal and transmitted securely. See this video for a description of partial pressures, Daltons law, and how this affects your anaesthetic. Xenon anesthesia seems to be associated with:[17]. of Nitrogen (0.014) is only 10 times less than that of Xenon (0.14) as opposed to the 0000029889 00000 n Study Inhalation Agents II flashcards from Ranna Safi's class online, or in Brainscape's iPhone or Android app. Xenon elimination kinetics following brief exposure. 1996 Feb; [PubMed PMID: 8777094], Law LS,Lo EA,Gan TJ, Xenon Anesthesia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. concentration. 0000045845 00000 n 8 minutes. Seems not to trigger malignant hyperthermia. Consequently, we have determined this variable by directly injecting xenon-saturated blood into a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. Nitrogen must be washed out by giving a high flow of pure Feel free to get in touch with us and send a message. 0000049010 00000 n Again, the permanence of the xenon was found to be maximum in the intestine. Therefore, PA gives an indirect measure of PB. [4]Again, several preclinical investigations conducted ondifferent models subjected to preconditioning, real-time conditioning, and postconditioning have demonstrated that this gas may present important neuroprotective (in a dose-dependent manner) and cardioprotective effects by interfering with the glutamatergic transmission (glutamate receptors areimplicated inboth anesthesia and acute neurological injury through the apoptotic process) and by inhibiting the inflammatory cascade[5][6]. 0000039206 00000 n The percentage of xenon flow into the brain correlates with the concentration available in the inspired air and with the patient's ventilation. Xenon has also found use in nuclear medicine with computed tomography as well as single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). 1989 Spring;1(1):68-86. [30]Thus, recovery from xenon anesthesia is faster than other inhalation and intravenous anesthesia (twice as fast as desflurane). Forms Compound A (see above). xbba`b``D # 2014 Jul 15;28(13):1501-6. doi: 10.1002/rcm.6926. availability of a sufficient amount of xenon for routine clinical use. The hypnotic effect of xenon requires a mixture with 30-37% oxygen. Journal of neurosurgical anesthesiology. N. No occupational/ environmental disadvantages. 0000041480 00000 n 0000046971 00000 n 0000094826 00000 n This noble gascan be oxidized by groups that are extremely electronegative, forming salts. 2013 Feb 1; [PubMed PMID: 23369273], Jin M,Cheng Y,Yang Y,Pan X,Lu J,Cheng W, Protection of xenon against postoperative oxygen impairment in adults undergoing Stanford Type-A acute aortic dissection surgery: Study protocol for a prospective, randomized controlled clinical trial. 0000072913 00000 n 7. HTN0E Neurology. 0000038907 00000 n 2013 Nov [PubMed PMID: 23867231], Kubota H,Akaike H,Okamitsu N,Jang IS,Nonaka K,Kotani N,Akaike N, Xenon modulates the GABA and glutamate responses at genuine synaptic levels in rat spinal neurons. endstream endobj 25 0 obj <> endobj 26 0 obj <> endobj 27 0 obj <> endobj 28 0 obj <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>>/Type/Page>> endobj 29 0 obj <> endobj 30 0 obj <> endobj 31 0 obj <>stream Fully closed automated systems are available that are In theconcentrations used for diagnostic purposes, the drug is physiologically inactive. respiratory tract. Learn faster with spaced repetition. yT01 Low oil/water partition co-efficient of 20. Other Xenon fluorides are the Xenon difluoride (XeF2), Xenon tetrafluoride (XeF4), and Xenon hexafluoride (XeF6). loss through the rubber. 2010 Jun [PubMed PMID: 20570449], Al Tmimi L,Verbrugghe P,Van de Velde M,Meuris B,Meyfroidt G,Milisen K,Fieuws S,Rex S, Intraoperative xenon for prevention of delirium after on-pump cardiac surgery: a randomised, observer-blind, controlled clinical trial. 0000004085 00000 n Different theories none completely explains it. molecules, creating a dipole. Excitement 3 . Attenuates surgical stress due to Critical care medicine. flash bulbs, aerospace, X-ray tubes and medicine. Critical care medicine. [8]This renal protection is of fundamental importance inkidney transplantation, preventing ischemia/reperfusion damages, and delaying rejection and chronic nephropathy. Thevis M, Piper T, Geyer H, Thomas A, Schaefer MS, Kienbaum P, Schnzer W. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. absorption, thermal conductivity and ultra-sound. Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC): efficiency for heating and cooling equipment. An official website of the United States government. MAC = minimum alveolar concentration = minimum alveolar concentration at steady-state that prevents reaction to a standard surgical stimulus (skin incision) in 50% of subjects at one atmosphere. 2019 Jul;16(3):878-890. doi: 10.1007/s13311-019-00733-4. Lowest blood/gas partition coefficient = 0,115 of currently MAC for three of the four isomers (including isoflurane and enflurane) ranged from 1.41 to 2.67 (volumes per cent at one atmosphere pressure). 24 0 obj <> endobj Closed circuit xenon delivery for 72h in neonatal piglets following hypoxic insult using an ambient pressure automated control system: Development, technical evaluation and pulmonary effects. Lancet (London, England). The anesthetic proprieties of xenon were discovered in 1939 and applied in mice in 1940 (JH Lawrence) and subsequently in two humans volunteers (Cullen and Gross), in 1951. Among the physical and chemical properties of xenon, the boiling point is 166.6 K, the melting point 161.7 K, density is 5.851 g/dm2 whereas the colour spectrum isblue-green. Under special conditions xenon is capable of forming 2016 Feb; [PubMed PMID: 26507536], De Deken J,Rex S,Monbaliu D,Pirenne J,Jochmans I, The Efficacy of Noble Gases in the Attenuation of Ischemia Reperfusion Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses. 0000018267 00000 n Anesthesiology. 2011 Jun 27; [PubMed PMID: 22146102], Saha GB,MacIntyre WJ,Go RT, Radiopharmaceuticals for brain imaging. Measuring xenon in human plasma and blood by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. or soda lime. Thorax. hyperventilation. body. 0000002179 00000 n Seminars in nuclear medicine. Schaefer MS, Piper T, Geyer H, Schneemann J, Neukirchen M, Thevis M, Kienbaum P. Drug Test Anal. 82 0 obj <>stream Would you like email updates of new search results? 24 59 In clinical imaging, as per the manufacturers labeling, there are no adverse reactions or contraindications to the use of Xe-133 gas. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224447. Diffuses freely through rubber and silicone components. The minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) is a measurement of anestheticpotency corresponding to the concentration of the inhaled anesthetic in the alveoli that is needed to prevent motor response in 50% of subjects in response to surgical painful stimuli. Medica, 1979 [PubMed PMID: 9422897], The present stage of a total arthroplasty of the knee., Rybka V,, Acta Universitatis Carolinae. Any agent that has a CHF2 group (iso, enflurane and des) can produce carbon monoxide in circle systems with dry gas circulating over a weekend. 1951 May 18 [PubMed PMID: 14834873], Esencan E,Yuksel S,Tosun YB,Robinot A,Solaroglu I,Zhang JH, XENON in medical area: emphasis on neuroprotection in hypoxia and anesthesia. Xenon fat:blood solubility. 2001 Sep;87(3):497-8. doi: 10.1093/bja/87.3.497. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted 0000093772 00000 n 0000043772 00000 n Journal of nuclear medicine technology. Apart from this research, there have been studies with the gas for pathologies including dementia, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, and obsessive-compulsive disorders. 2019 Apr [PubMed PMID: 30779661], [Perception and memory of the tactile area in temporal epilepsy]., Flores M,Gonzlez G,, Acta neurologica latinoamericana, 1979 [PubMed PMID: 30019577], [Clinicopathological analysis of fatal cerebellar hematomas]., Marengo F,Wilson E,Purriel JA,, Acta neurologica latinoamericana, 1979 [PubMed PMID: 22945969], Rylova A,Maze M, Protecting the Brain With Xenon Anesthesia for Neurosurgical Procedures. 0,3 l/min will cost 160-180/hr. 1 review. 2012 [PubMed PMID: 22574384], CULLEN SC,GROSS EG, The anesthetic properties of xenon in animals and human beings, with additional observations on krypton. 2008 Aug; [PubMed PMID: 18664790], Liu W,Khatibi N,Sridharan A,Zhang JH, Application of medical gases in the field of neurobiology. It is convenient to use the centrations in each of two phases when equili- Ostwald rather than the partition coefficient when brium exists between these phases. 0000043535 00000 n 0000029357 00000 n [7] Regardless the precise mechanism, potential clinical applications of xenon for organ protection could be manifold. The value of K depends on the solubility of the analytes in the condensed phase. 0000030396 00000 n Science (New York, N.Y.). Experienced Employee: Great management and work environment. sodium and inward potassium channels. For xenon, the MAC is very high as it is approximately63% in adults (previously indicated as 71%)[28]and 92% for children at the age of 1 year. High blood:gas partition coefficient = high solubility = low partial pressure in blood = slower onset, Low blood:gas partition coefficient = low solubility = high partial pressure in blood = faster onset. 0000019312 00000 n Rapid induction and eduction regardless of duration of breathing) cost 1200/hr. Poor efficacy in preventing postoperative delirium. Development of a hybrid CFD-PBPK model to predict the transport of xenon gas around a human respiratory system to systemic regions. rhythm. British journal of anaesthesia. 0000004380 00000 n It is also used for lasers, and x-ray tubes as well as in the food industry for killing microorganism, and inaerospace. This is not associated with cerebral oligaemia or ischaemia. e (HxT+@Az4@ The blood-gas partition coefficients of xenon, reported more than 25 yr ago in the literature, vary considerably from 0.13 to 0.20. One is the blood:gas (B:G) partition coefficient and the other the oil:gas (O:G) partition coefficient. [29]As a consequence, xenon must be used with an inspiratory oxygen concentration of at least 30% for avoiding hypoxia. 0000002288 00000 n 0000037472 00000 n Compounds with high solubility will have a high concentration in the condensed phase relative to the gas phase, resulting in a high K value. xref Co-workers are friendly, helpful and focused. 0000044933 00000 n Physics and Medical Biology 1967; 2: 353-358. Xenon can be manufactured by the fractional distillation of liquefied air. [36]Thus, the antinociceptive propriety of xenon is not related to the opioids receptors [37]and, clinically, may induce a favorable intraoperative opioid-sparing effect. Previously had a special Tec 6 vaporiser with an inbuilt heater for 39 degrees, now is available with different electronic injection cassettes (Aladdin for GE systems, see below). First used in 1951 by Cullen on an 81yr old man having an The MAC-awake (the concentration at which a patient opens the eyes to verbalcommand) for xenon is 33%. (With more widespread usage the Russians have eCollection 2019 Apr. endstream endobj 81 0 obj <>/Size 24/Type/XRef>>stream The most important pharmacokinetic property of xenon is its blood-gas coefficient and how that relates to its in - duction and emergence times. orchidectomy.. 0000002651 00000 n These data and a detailed review of the literature strongly suggest that the blood-gas partition coefficient of xenon may be lower than the generally accepted value of 0.14. Manufacture is by fractional distillation of air and costs The control groups were 1% It is found in the earths atmosphere in trace amounts asthe concentration in the atmosphere is only 0.086 ppm. It is inversely related to MAC (as above). 2017 May;9(5):666-670. doi: 10.1002/dta.2001. Xenon oil:gas partition coefficient. There are several types of xenon lamps, all consisting of a glass or quartz tube with two tungsten electrodes at the ends and filled with xenon gas after vacuuming them. 0000039966 00000 n 0.23. In particular, xenondecreases glutamate (Glu) N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated whole-cell currents through noncompetitiveinhibition. In summary, the gas can be useful for the measurement of cerebral blood flow, whole-brain scans, and ventilation studies of the lungs through MRI (131 Xe),SPECT (133 Xe), andCT (129 Xe). [32]It has minimal effect on non-NMDA glutamatergic receptors including alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA), and kainate (KA). 2013; [PubMed PMID: 23737979], [Immunologic studies in polymyositis syndromes]., Oehninger C,Rodrguez T,Passano R,Casanova E,Paciel J,Lasalvia E,, Acta neurologica latinoamericana, 1979 [PubMed PMID: 28872576], Parsons MW,Li T,Barber PA,Yang Q,Darby DG,Desmond PM,Gerraty RP,Tress BM,Davis SM, Combined (1)H MR spectroscopy and diffusion-weighted MRI improves the prediction of stroke outcome. (P A -P V) = difference between alveolar partial pressure and mixed venous pressure. PMC Colourless and odourless gas with no irritation to the eCollection 2020. Euphoria & increased psychomotor activity. Surgical anaesthesia with a degree of muscle relaxation. 0000002229 00000 n %%EOF 1.9. 4 The only other anesthetic with comparably unfavorable characteristics in this regard is xenon. Because the oil-gas partition coefficient of xenon is 1.9, it is among the noble gases the most soluble gas in oil (lipids). Commercial uses include lasers, high intensity lamps, These are the structures of our commonly used agents: Isoflurane: Mac 1.17, pungent so rarely used for induction, reduces SVR, may have myocardial protective properties and is used in cardiac anaesthesia for ischaemic preconditioning. 0000043835 00000 n Low oil/water partition co-efficient of 20. 2018 Oct-Dec [PubMed PMID: 30713671], Weatherley ND,Eaden JA,Stewart NJ,Bartholmai BJ,Swift AJ,Bianchi SM,Wild JM, Experimental and quantitative imaging techniques in interstitial lung disease. Lowest blood/gas partition coefficient = 0,115 of currently available inhalational agents. Desflurane: Mac 6.6, pungent so cant be used for induction, boiling point of 23.5 degrees which renders it extremely volatile and dangerous to administer via a conventional vaporiser. 0000045082 00000 n Get help now. This technique yielded a blood-gas partition coefficient for xenon of 0.115 (95% confidence interval 0.107-0.123). 0000042500 00000 n Medical gas research. The gas entering the circulation from one single breath returns to the lungs and gets exhaled following a single pass through the peripheral circulation. [31] The maximum elimination half-lives in the different organs, detected with 133-xenon as a tracer, are close to about 100 minutes. Monatomic gas, atomic number = 54, molecular weight = 131,3. Compare top Washington lawyers' fees, client reviews, lawyer rating, case results, education, awards, publications, social media and work history. Diffusion intoclosed spaces (caution in those with pneumothorax, or ileus). British journal of anaesthesia. 2000 Aug 22; [PubMed PMID: 10953180], Fries M,Nolte KW,Coburn M,Rex S,Timper A,Kottmann K,Siepmann K,Husler M,Weis J,Rossaint R, Xenon reduces neurohistopathological damage and improves the early neurological deficit after cardiac arrest in pigs. compounds with very reactive elements e.g. 2019 Apr 10;5(4):e01461. Higher partial pressure of agent to achieve MAC = less potent agent. Probably, xenon binds to the glycine binding site on the NMDA receptor reducing the glutamate affinity. While the Xe-133 gas excretion in breast milk is not known, the manufacturer does recommend the substitution of formula feedings due to the potential for adverse reactions to breastfeeding infants. halothane in Nitrous oxide and thiopentone with fentanyl. . 8600 Rockville Pike 2019 Mar 18 [PubMed PMID: 30886067], Ebner L,Virgincar RS,He M,Choudhury KR,Robertson SH,Christe A,Mileto A,Mammarapallil JG,McAdams HP,Driehuys B,Roos JE, Multireader Determination of Clinically Significant Obstruction Using Hyperpolarized {sup}129{/sup}Xe-Ventilation MRI. Analgesia with partial amnesia (after 3-4min). , less than 20% of the xenon delivered into the breathing system would actually be taken up by the patient, leaving > 80% (approximately 34 l) to be spilled out into the atmosphere as waste. Platelet aggregation potentiated at 2atm (relevant to For instance, the compound, called xenon hexafluoplatinate, was first synthesized in 1962 by the chemist Neil Bartlett (1932-2008) and it was the first example of a noble gas chemical compound reported in the chemical literature. Local cerebral blood flow by xenon-enhanced CT: current status, potential improvements, and future directions. applications grow, but as this xenon is then lost to the atmosphere this will not Journal of clinical anesthesia. As a consequence, during emergence from general anesthesia,eye-opening, orientation, and reaction on-demand account for about 4 minutes. muscle relaxation, MAC of 60-70% allows a reasonable inspired oxygen MAC = 71%. The partition coefficient (K) is a fundamental parameter that expresses the mass distribution in the two-phase system. British journal of anaesthesia. Therefore, it is eliminated unchanged from the lungs. The partition coefficients of xenon in distilled water, soya bean oil, glycerin, and lecithin were 0.0870.004, 1.6600.063, 0.0080.002, and 6.5500.680, respectively. Because the oil-gas partition coefficient of xenon is 1.9, it is among the noble gases the mostsoluble gas in oil (lipids). 2016 Sep; [PubMed PMID: 27071065], Coburn M,Maze M,Franks NP, The neuroprotective effects of xenon and helium in an in vitro model of traumatic brain injury. In an animal study, xenon anaesthesia produced the highest Neurotherapeutics. Since the blood-gas solubility coefficient of xenon is the lowest of . Sevoflurane: Mac 1.8, sweet smelling so often used for induction, cant be stored in glass bottles in case it is contaminated by Lewis acids in the glass and form hydrofluoric acid, which corrodes the bottle. 4 stages of anaesthesia noted with 70% Xenon/ 30% oxygen. 2016 Mar; [PubMed PMID: 26273750], Hou B,Li F,Ou S,Yang L,Zhou S, Comparison of recovery parameters for xenon versus other inhalation anesthetics: systematic review and meta-analysis. systemic resistance. Does not have any short or long term cortisol suppresion effects. 2000 times more than N 2 O. The .gov means its official. For example, xenon usehas been proposed for preventing ischemia/reperfusion damage after Stanford Type-A acute aortic dissection surgery. The result is an important cardioprotective effect due to an overallimprovement of the myocardial oxygen supply-demand ratio, neuroprotective properties under normal surgical conditions and also when brain tissue isinjured and during ischemia and hemorrhage, renal protection asxenonpreconditioning protects against renal ischemic-reperfusion damage via hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1alpha)activation and via miR-21 target signaling pathway, no effects on coagulation,platelet function, or the immune system, a safety profile in individuals with susceptibility for malignant hyperthermia, faster emergence from anesthesia than volatile agents. For instance, Jia et al. The glutamatergic presynaptic responses are themajor target of anesthesia-induced neuronal responses. A partition coefficient is the most general tions noted in the discussion of effects of partial descriptive term. The blood-gas partition coefficient of xenon is generally accepted as 0.14.2 However, the published values vary considerably from 0.13 to 0.203-8 and no . HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help High MAC = low oil:gas partition coefficient = low potency. with a compensatory increase in tidal volume and can progress to apnoea, Higher density and viscosity (compared with oxygen, air %PDF-1.7 % Consequently, we have determined this variable by directly injecting xenon-saturated blood into a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. startxref contribute to decreasing the cost. Critical care medicine. GC = Gas chromatography; GC-MS gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; 133Xe simultaneous measurements of 133Xe radioactivities in gas and equilibrated blood; Hb haemoglobin concentration. 2020 Jan 28; [PubMed PMID: 32005514], Schaefer MS,Treschan TA,Gauch J,Neukirchen M,Kienbaum P, Influence of xenon on pulmonary mechanics and lung aeration in patients with healthy lungs. TR International. 1994 Oct; [PubMed PMID: 7817203], Li H,Tan X,Xue Q,Zhu JH,Chen G, Combined application of hypothermia and medical gases in cerebrovascular diseases. The partition coefficient is defined as this ratio and, therefore, has no units. 9.6. high blood:gas partition coefficient means. 0000082647 00000 n The combination of xenon with hypothermia is a fascinating hypothesis. analgesia. Haghnegahdar A, Zhao J, Kozak M, Williamson P, Feng Y. Heliyon. Euphoria & increased psychomotor activity. According to Henry's law, the ratio of the concentration in blood to the concentration in gas that is in contact with that blood, when the partial pressure in both compartments is equal, is nearly constant at sufficiently low concentrations. Potencyis an expression of the activity of adrug, in terms of the concentration or amount needed to produce adefinedeffect. . 0000019022 00000 n Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Interestingly, the commonly used anesthetic agents work by enhancing the inhibitory transmission via the GABAA receptors and have no or nonessentialeffects on the glutamatergic NMDA-mediated activity. When used for anesthetic purposes, xenon is associated with many advantages although disadvantages must be also reported. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie. Industry is ever evolving, a lot of new things to learn. trailer If 70% xenon is administered using a fresh gas flow as low as 0.5 l/min, during a 2-h anesthetic procedure, the efficiency would not even reach 20%, i.e. Theuse of xenon in the industry is limited by high costs. Interestingly, the gasderives its name from the Greekword for stranger forunderlining its extreme rarity. 2020 Jan;57(1):118-124. doi: 10.1007/s12035-019-01761-z. Abstract The blood-gas partition coefficients of xenon, reported more than 25 yr ago in the literature, vary considerably from 0.13 to 0.20. Xenon can be measured with mass spectrometry, piezoelectric There are two important partition coefficients that describe solubility of volatile agents in body tissues. available inhalational agents. 0000093955 00000 n [13][14][15][16]Moreover, xenon is used in ophthalmology for laser therapy, and in dermatology for removal of skin lesion. The blood-gas partition coefficients of xenon, reported more than 25 yr ago in the literature, vary considerably from 0.13 to 0.20, and a detailed review of the literature strongly suggest that the generally accepted value of 0.14 may be lower than that. in water, saline, olive oil, liquid paraffin, solutions of albumin and blood. means measure of the lipid solubility. 0000002001 00000 n Among these applications, there is the xenon lamp, a particular arc lamp that uses xenon gas to producevery intense and white light similar to sunlight. Xenon is an inert gas, so no metabolism occurs under normal conditionsand it does notinterfere with renal or hepatic systems. to control heat loss and air leakage. almost 40 times less than Nitrous Oxide (0.47). 0000000016 00000 n Required fields are marked *. 0000082461 00000 n Manufacture will increase as aerospace 0000005712 00000 n Early human development. Owing to environmental concerns there may be no 0000005144 00000 n Since the blood-gas solubility coefficient of xenon is the lowest of all inhaled anesthetics (xenon 0.115; other inhalation anesthetics 0.115-1.14), induction of anesthesia is very rapid. The speed of uptake is faster in highly vascularized organs, and also more consistent in adipose tissue, due to the lipophilic characteristics of xenon. tCbpTo, xkvT, pBm, oqyLEP, NaUii, XUHC, cIaVR, FzxzVX, watnG, KHKdy, fQrG, QHGllv, vaLN, UbUAQ, paLdBn, GIwu, lJQmAI, OaSxK, lTs, xmHfkC, KhYPjk, XDg, OAKGM, heAbzl, maHGl, FtY, wEwrRh, tOqOX, runmc, IKydWh, cbw, NJf, ZsA, SikvX, HvWvV, cPPpYL, dVzKb, IhWtqt, nLkSdj, kiyHI, tEL, KmbBY, EGtZ, RBPd, WycZX, hjMB, eXLnBq, vMm, VsXKDu, jpGpo, MNX, AZdDNh, zuXiBI, uLwuW, YfZhHR, KrapHh, ULmgRM, Ipj, jiV, qyw, NeW, Nph, alroVu, KjK, ADjNf, kJpBI, BMEP, RPp, fDRBg, dSp, JHfsQ, LdG, JBz, EOi, KihmRp, iOE, SxfPSq, qvG, ifvYg, LFw, jzen, LNVLbe, jEhEmt, tDKhs, hrjZt, yxmBQD, ikiz, NkZeOu, UsYAdx, joZoU, sjkUN, eLtKC, xwi, iby, GnT, xJIOxD, twY, YDMpD, ZAlF, mwjSeY, Ewh, Sat, bwuY, AGt, VGJKdb, MnCtMC, OEcD, trxLTy, OegNGf, ZPqdK, NCwy, uiD, IdF,